
978-7-5683-0022-3
1
2015-05-01
1
2015-05-01
850mm×1168mm
32开
11.25
283千字
中文
平装
(2015)第114218号
目录
作者简介2
版权页4
前言5
彩插8
第1章 绪 论18
1.1 研究背景18
1.2 森林生态系统碳输入与碳释放过程21
1.3 森林植被的碳储量21
1.3.1 森林植被碳储量的研究方法22
1.3.2 森林植被碳储量的研究进展23
1.4 森林土壤的碳储量26
1.4.1 森林土壤碳储量的研究方法26
1.4.2 森林土壤碳储量的研究进展28
1.5 森林生态系统碳释放30
1.5.1 土壤呼吸30
1.5.1.1 土壤呼吸的作用30
1.5.1.2 土壤呼吸研究方法31
1.5.1.3 林地土壤呼吸国内外研究进展35
1.5.1.4 土壤呼吸研究中的难点37
1.5.2 植物器官呼吸38
1.5.2.1 植物器官呼吸的研究方法39
1.5.2.2 国内外研究现状39
1.6 森林生态系统碳平衡40
1.6.1 国外研究现状41
1.6.2 国内研究现状42
第2章 研究区自然概况44
2.1 地理位置44
2.2 地质、地貌特征44
2.3 土壤45
2.4 气候条件45
2.5 植被概况46
第3章 天然次生油松林的碳固定48
3.1 油松群落乔木层的碳密度48
3.1.1 研究方法48
3.1.2 不同器官含碳率50
3.1.3 含碳率对树种各器官碳储量的影响50
3.1.4 乔木根系与起测胸径以下乔木的碳密度51
3.1.5 乔木层的碳净累积53
3.2 油松林下主要灌木的碳密度54
3.2.1 研究方法55
3.2.2 主要灌木器官的含碳率57
3.2.3 不同灌木同一器官的含碳率58
3.2.4同一灌木不同器官的含碳率58
3.2.5灌木个体的大小58
3.2.6 测树因子与灌木器官生物量间的关系59
3.2.7 不同灌木器官生物量模型模拟值与实测值差异比较64
3.2.8 灌木层碳密度与年际碳净累积66
3.3 油松林下主要草本的碳密度66
3.3.1 研究方法66
3.3.2 草本层的物种多样性特征69
3.3.3 供试草种各器官含碳率特征70
3.3.4 供试草种同一器官含碳率的差异71
3.3.5 同一草种不同器官含碳率的差异72
3.3.6 草本层的碳密度77
3.4 油松林地土壤有机碳特征78
3.4.1 研究方法79
3.4.2 调查样本容量的确定80
3.4.3 土壤有机碳密度及其分布81
3.4.4 天然次生油松林下物种多样性对土壤碳密度的影响82
3.4.5 天然次生油松林试验地的土壤有机碳储量83
第4章 天然次生油松林的碳释放85
4.1 油松生长季林地的土壤呼吸85
4.1.1 研究方法86
4.1.2 油松林地土壤呼吸与各影响因子的季节变化动态87
4.1.3 油松林地土壤呼吸与土壤温度的关系88
4.1.4 油松林地土壤呼吸与土壤含水量的关系91
4.1.5 油松林地土壤呼吸与叶面积指数的关系92
4.2 油松休眠季的林地土壤呼吸93
4.2.1 研究方法93
4.2.2 林木休眠期土壤呼吸的日变化95
4.2.3 林木休眠期土壤呼吸的月变化96
4.2.4 土壤温度对土壤呼吸速率的影响98
4.2.5 土壤水分对土壤呼吸速率的影响98
4.2.6 林木休眠期土壤CO2释放量100
4.2.7 林木休眠季土壤呼吸的观测展望103
4.3 油松地土壤呼吸时空变异103
4.3.1 研究方法104
4.3.2 土壤物理性质对油松林地土壤呼吸速率的影响106
4.3.3 土壤温度和土壤体积含水率对土壤呼吸的影响107
4.3.3.1 油松林地土壤呼吸速率与土壤温度的关系107
4.3.3.2 油松林地土壤呼吸速率与土壤体积含水率的关系109
4.3.3.3 土壤温度和体积含水率的变化112
4.3.4 油松林地土壤呼吸速率的时空变化112
4.3.4.1 油松林地土壤呼吸速率的空间变化112
4.3.4.2 油松林地土壤呼吸速率的时间变化113
4.3.5 油松林地土壤CO2释放量的估计115
第5章 天然次生油松林的碳收支117
5.1 研究方法118
5.2 天然次生油松林植被层CO2年固定量119
5.3 天然次生油松林地土壤CO2年释放量119
5.4 天然次生油松林CO2年净吸存量120
5.5 林下植被的固碳作用121
5.6 植物休眠季CO2的释放122
5.7 以固碳为目的的天然次生林经营122
第6章 秦岭火地塘林区粗木质残体124
6.1 CWD的功能、分类及研究方法125
6.1.1 CWD的功能125
6.1.2 CWD的分类126
6.1.4 CWD的研究方法128
6.1.4.1 CWD的生物量128
6.1.4.2 CWD的呼吸量128
6.1.4.3 CWD的分解率128
6.2 秦岭火地塘林区天然次生油松林倒木储量及分解129
6.2.1 研究方法130
6.2.2 倒木储量及组成131
6.2.3 倒木分解134
6.3 秦岭火地塘林区倒木及其土壤化学元素含量特征138
6.3.1 研究方法139
6.3.2 倒木的化学元素含量139
6.3.3 倒木下土壤的化学元素含量143
6.4 秦岭火地塘天然次生油松林倒木的温度变化特征147
6.4.1 研究方法148
6.4.2 倒木温度特征148
6.5 天然次生中粗木质残体的管理措施156
第7章 秦岭火地塘林区林下植物生态化学计量特征157
7.1 秦岭山地松栎混交林优势草本N,P化学计量特征160
7.1.1 研究方法161
7.1.2 林下草本的重要值162
7.1.3 优势草本叶片的N、P含量与N∶P比163
7.1.4 草本叶片N、P含量的化学计量特征164
7.1.5 优势草本叶片N、P含量间的关系165
7.1.6 草本叶N、P化学计量与养分限制166
7.2 秦岭松栎混交林优势灌木叶片N、P化学计量特征167
7.2.1 研究方法168
7.2.2 林下灌木的种类169
7.2.3 优势灌木叶片N、P化学计量特征170
7.2.4 优势灌木叶片中N、P质量分数间以及P质量分数和N∶P间的关系172
7.2.5 土壤N、P质量分数对植物叶片N、P质量分数的影响172
7.3 松栎混交林林下优势植物氮磷生态化学计量特征季节动态174
7.3.1 研究方法174
7.3.2 林下植物的重要值175
7.3.3 优势灌木的氮磷化学计量季节动态177
7.3.4 优势草本的氮磷化学计量季节动态177
7.4 提高林下植被生物量的天然林抚育措施179
第8章 间伐对火地塘林区松栎混交林的影响180
8.1 间伐的研究动态180
8.1.1 间伐对森林碳收支影响180
8.1.2 森林土壤微生物和酶活性对间伐的响应185
8.1.3 间伐与植物物种多样性及土壤种子库的关系189
8.1.3.1 森林抚育对森林植物物种多样性的影响191
8.1.3.2 土壤种子库194
8.2 秦岭火地塘林区松栎混交林间伐试验设计196
8.3 秦岭火地塘林区松栎混交林多目标间伐优化措施198
8.4 间伐对秦岭松栎混交林土壤活性有机碳的影响198
8.4.1 研究方法199
8.4.2 不同抚育强度下土壤各形态有机碳含量200
8.4.3 土壤活性有机碳的分配比例202
8.4.4 土壤活性有机碳与总有机碳的相关性204
8.4.5 间伐对土壤活性有机碳的影响204
8.5 秦岭松栎混交林林地土壤微生物及酶活性206
8.5.1 研究方法206
8.5.2 土壤微生物类群在不同土层间的变化207
8.5.3 土壤酶活性在不同土层间的变化207
8.5.4 影响土壤微生物类群的主要因子208
8.5.5 土壤性质对土壤酶活性的影响210
8.5.6 土壤微生物和土壤酶活性在不同土层间的变化211
8.5.7 土壤微生物和土壤酶对间伐的响应213
8.5.7.1 不同间伐处理下土壤微生物数量变化213
8.5.7.2 不同间伐处理下土壤微生物量碳、氮的质量分数214
8.5.7.3 不同间伐处理下土壤酶活性214
8.5.8 增加土壤微生物数量和提高土壤酶活性的间伐措施优化216
8.6 间伐对松栎混交林碳收支的影响218
8.6.1 松栎混交林碳密度空间分布218
8.6.1.1 研究方法219
8.6.1.2 松栎混交林植被层碳密度220
8.6.1.3 松栎混交林凋落物层碳密度220
8.6.1.4 松栎混交林土壤层碳密度221
8.6.1.5 松栎混交林生态系统碳密度的空间分布222
8.6.1.5 松栎混交林乔木层年净固碳量222
8.6.2 松栎混交林下主要灌木生物量225
8.6.2.1 研究方法226
8.6.2.2 灌木生物量模型228
8.6.2.3 灌木生物量模型检验231
8.6.2.4 林下灌木生物量估算231
8.6.3 间伐处理下松栎混交林的碳收支233
8.6.3.1 研究方法234
8.6.3.2 不同间伐处理下松栎混交林植被碳储量增加量235
8.6.3.3 不同间伐处理下松栎混交林林地土壤呼吸季节动态235
8.6.3.4 不同间伐处理下松栎混交林年CO2净收支235
8.7 间伐对松栎混交林林内植物物种多样性的影响238
8.7.1 松栎混交林土壤种子库特征238
8.7.1.1 研究方法239
8.7.1.2 土壤种子库的物种组成特征239
8.7.1.3 土壤种子库的种子密度及分布240
8.7.1.4 土壤种子库和地面植被的关系241
8.7.1.5 间伐对松栎混交林土壤种子库的影响241
8.7.2 间伐对松栎混交林林下草本多样性的影响242
8.7.2.1 研究方法243
8.7.2.2 草本群落的结构244
8.7.2.3 林下草本群落丰富度指数的变化253
8.7.2.4 林下草本群落均匀度指数的变化255
8.7.2.5 模型构建及间伐和间伐残余物移除的效应256
8.7.2.6 抚育措施优化258
8.7.2.7 间伐强度和间伐残余物移除强度对松栎混交林林下草本多样性的影响259
第9章 秦岭火地塘林区主要森林群落的碳密度260
9.1 研究方法261
9.2 五种森林群落乔灌草各层的碳密度264
9.3 林地土壤理化性质266
9.4 林分碳密度与环境因子的关系269
9.4.1 碳密度与环境因子的相关性269
9.4.2 影响植物碳密度的主要因素272
9.5 秦岭火地塘林区主要森林类型碳储量与碳密度的空间分布特征279
9.5.1 研究方法280
9.5.2 火地塘林区主要森林类型的空间分布281
9.5.3 火地塘林区主要森林类型的碳储量和碳密度282
9.5.3.1 含碳率转换系数282
9.5.3.2 碳储量283
9.5.3.3 碳密度283
9.5.4 火地塘林区主要森林类型平均生物量、碳密度与海拔高度的关系284
9.5.5 火地塘林区主要森林类型碳储量及碳密度的空间分布285
9.6 秦岭火地塘林区主要森林群落的碳密度分布特征及主要影响因子285
第10章 结论与建议288
10.1 主要研究结论288
10.1.1秦岭火地塘林区主要林分碳密度的分布特征288
10.1.2 60龄的天然次生油松林具有微弱的“碳汇”功能289
10.1.3 森林群落中的粗木质残体289
10.1.4 林下植物生态化学计量特征289
10.1.5 间伐对火地塘林区松栎混交林的影响290
10.2 森林经营的建议290
10.2.1 加强林下灌草管理290
10.2.2 促进粗木质残体中营养元素循环290
10.2.3 在森林抚育中针对不同经营目标采用适宜的间伐强度和凋落物移除强度291
参考文献292
后记362
参考文献
[1]安静,邓波,韩建国,等.土壤有机碳稳定性研究进展[J].草原与草坪,
2009,23(2):8287.
[2]鲍士旦.土壤农化分析[M].北京:中国农业出版社,2000.
[3]北京林学院主编.数理统计[M]北京:中国林业出版社,1980.
[4]毕君,王超,李联地,等.基于IPCC的河北省2005年森林碳储量[J].东北林业大学学报,2011,39(12):3638.
[5]曹帮华,吴丽云.滨海盐碱地刺槐白蜡混交林土壤酶与养分相关性研究[J].水土保持学报,2008,22(1):128133.
[6]常超,谢宗强,熊高明,等.三峡库区不同植被类型土壤养分特征[J].生态学报,2009,29(11):59785985.
[7]常建国,刘世荣,史作民,等.北亚热带南暖温带过渡区典型森林生态系统土壤呼吸及其组分分离[J].生态学报,2007,27(5):28752882.
[8]常宗强,冯起,吴雨霞,等.祁连山亚高山灌丛林土壤呼吸速率的时空变化及其影响分析[J].冰川冻土,2005,27(5):666672.
[9]陈滨,赵广东,冷泠,等.江西大岗山杉木人工林生态系统土壤呼吸研究.[J]气象与减灾研究,2007,30(3):1216.
[10]陈存根,彭鸿.秦岭火地塘林区主要森林类型的现存量和生产力[J].西北林学院学报,1996,11(增):92102.
[11]陈存根,龚立群,彭鸿,等.秦岭锐齿栎林的生物量和生产力[J].西北林学院学报,1996,11(增):103114.
[12]陈华,徐振邦.粗木质物残体生态研究历史,现状和趋势[J].生态学杂志,1991,10(1):4550.
[13]陈华,Harmon ME.温带森林生态系统粗死木质物动态研究[J].应用生态学报,1992,3(2):99104.
[14]陈华癸,李阜棣,陈文新,等.土壤微生物学[M].上海:上海科学出版社,1981.
[15]陈利顶,傅伯杰.干扰的类型、特征及生态学意义[J].生态学报,2000,20(4):581586.
[16]陈亮中,肖文发,唐万鹏,等.三峡库区几种退耕还林模式下土壤有机碳研究[J].林业科学,2007,43(4):111114.
[17]陈亮中,谢宝元,肖文发,等.三峡库区主要森林植被类型土壤有机碳贮量研究[J].长江流域资源与环境,2007,16(5):640643.
[18]陈清惠.贵州茂兰喀斯特山地土壤种子库储量及主要组成[J].地球与环境,2008,36(3):207212.
[19]陈全胜,李凌浩,韩兴国,等.典型温带草原群落土壤呼吸温度敏感性与土壤水分的关系[J].生态学报,2004,24(4):831836.
[20]陈述悦,李俊,陆佩玲,等.华北平原麦田土壤呼吸特征[J].应用生态学报,2004,15(9):15521560.
[21]陈雪,马履一,贾忠奎.间伐对森林土壤影响的研究进展[J].中国水土保持,2012,9,6063.
[22]陈志良,夏念和,吴志峰,等.潭江流域森林碳蓄积与能源燃烧碳释[J].应用生态学报,2006,17(10):18071810.
[23]程丽娟,薛泉宏.微生物学实验技术[M].西安:世界图书出版公司,2000.
[24]程淑兰,方华军,马艳,等.氮输入对森林土壤有机碳截存与损耗过程的影响[J].水土保持学报,2007,21(5):8285.
[25]程堂仁,冯菁,马钦彦,等.甘肃小陇山锐齿栎林生物量及其碳库研究[J].北京林业大学学报,2007,29(增刊2):209215.
[26]程堂仁,冯菁,马钦彦,等.甘肃小陇山森林植被碳库及其分配特征[J].生态学报,2008,28(1):3344.
[27]成向荣,虞木奎,葛乐,等.不同间伐强度下麻栎人工林碳密度及其空间分布[J].应用生态学报,2012,23(5):11751180.
[28]池振明.现代微生物生态学(第2版)[M].北京:科学出版社,2010.
[29]褚金翔,张小全.川西亚高山林区三种土地利用方式下土壤呼吸动态及组分区分[J].生态学报,2006,26(6):16931700.
[30]崔芳芳,刘增文,付刚,等.秦岭山区几种典型森林的土壤微生物特征及其对人为干扰的响应[J].西北林学院学报,2008,23(2):129134.
[31]崔玉亭,卢进登,韩纯儒.集约高效农田生态系统有机物分解及土壤呼吸动态研究[J].应用生态学报,1997,8(1):5964.
[32]党坤良,雷瑞德,耿增超,等.秦岭火地塘林区不同土壤类型化学性质的研究[J].西北林学院学报,1996,11(增):2630.
[33]党坤良,张长录,陈海滨,等.秦岭南坡不同海拔土壤肥力的空间分异规律[J].林业科学,2006,42(1):1621.
[34]邓蕾,上官周平.秦岭宁陕县森林植被碳储量与碳密度特征[J].西北植物学报,2011,31(11):23102320.
[35]邓仁菊,杨万勤,张健,等.川西亚高山森林土壤有机层碳、氮、磷储量特征[J].应用与环境生物学报,2007,13(4):492496.
[36]邓小杰,韩士杰.氮沉降对森林生态系统土壤碳库的影响[J].生态学杂志,2007,26(10):16221627.
[37]刁一伟,王安志,金昌杰,等.林冠与大气间二氧化碳交换过程的模拟[J].应用生态学报,2006,17(2):22612265.
[38]丁菡,胡海波,王人潮.半干旱区土壤酶活性与其理化及微生物的关系[J].南京林业大学学报(自然科学版),2007,31(2):1318.
[39]丁圣彦.常绿阔叶林演替系列中木荷和栲树呼吸作用特性的比较[J].生态学报,2000,21(1):6167.
[40]董鸣.陆地生物群落调查与分析[M].北京:中国标准出版社,1997.
[41]杜满义,范少辉,漆良华,等.不同类型毛竹林土壤活性有机碳[J].生态学杂志,2013,32(3):571576.
[42]段劼,马履一,贾黎明,等.抚育间伐对侧柏人工林及林下植被生长的影响[J].生态学报,2010,30(6):14311441.
[43]樊后保,黄玉梓,袁颖红,等.森林生态系统碳循环对全球氮沉降的响应[J].生态学报,2007,27(7):29973009.
[44]范宇,刘世全,张世熔,等.西藏地区土壤表层和全剖面背景有机碳库及其空间分布[J].生态学报,2006,26(9):28342846.
[45]范跃新,杨智杰,杨玉盛,等.中亚热带常绿阔叶林不同演替阶段土壤活性有机碳含量及季节动态[J].生态学报,2013,33(18):57525760.
[46]方海波,田大伦,康文星.杉木人工林间伐后林下植被生物量的研究[J].中南林学院学报,1998,18(1):59.
[47]方华,莫江明.氮沉降对森林凋落物分解的影响[J].生态学报,2006,26(9):312731369.
[48]方精云.森林群体呼吸量的研究方法及其应用的探讨[J].植物学报,1999,41(1):8894.
[49]方精云.北半球中高纬度的森林碳库可能远小于目前的估算[J].植物生态学报,2000,24(5):635638.
[50]方精云,刘国华,徐嵩龄.中国森林植被的生物量与净生产力[J].生态学报,1996a,16(5),497508.
[51]方精云,刘国华,徐嵩龄.中国陆地生态系统的碳循环及其全球意义.王庚辰,温玉璞主编.温室气体浓度和排放监测及相关过程[M].北京:中国环境科学出版社,1996.129139.
[52]方 昕,田大伦,项文化.速生阶段杉木人工林碳素密度、贮量和分布[J].林业科学,2002,38(3):1419.
[53]方晰,田大伦,项文化.不同经营方式对杉木林采伐迹地土壤C储量的影响[J].中南林业科技大学学报,2004,24(1):15.
[54]方晰,田大伦,向文化,等.杉木人工林林地土壤CO2释放量及其影响因子的研究[J].林业科学,2005,41(2):17.
[55]方运霆,莫江明.鼎湖山马尾松林生态系统碳素分配和贮量的研究[J].广西植物,2002,22(4):305310.
[56]方云霆,莫江明,彭少麟,等.森林演替在南亚热带森林生态系统碳吸存中的作用[J].生态学报,2003,23(9):16851694.
[57]方运霆,莫江明,彭少麟,等.森林演替在南亚热带森林生态系统碳吸存中的作用[J].生态学报,2003,23(9):16851694.
[58]方运霆,莫江明,周国逸,等.鼎湖山自然保护区土壤有机碳贮量和分配特征[J].生态学报,2004,24(1):135142.
[59]冯保平,高润宏,张秋良,等.不同经营方式下兴安落叶松林土壤微生物年季动态研究[J].内蒙古农业大学学报,2009,30(4):7479.
[60]冯文婷,邹晓明,沙丽清,等.哀牢山中山湿性常绿阔叶林土壤呼吸季节和昼夜变化特征及影响因子比较[J].植物生态学报,2008,32(1)3139.
[61]刘国华,方精云,王效科.北京地区辽东栎呼吸量的测定[J].生态学报,1995,15(3):235244.
[62]傅伯杰.全球气候变化对森林生态系统的影响[J].自然资源学报,2001,16(1):7178.
[63]高程达,杨克仁,张超,等.热带雨林的生态特点和保护对策[J].热带地理,2011,31(1):113118.
[64]耿玉清,戴伟,余新晓,等.森林经营对土壤酶活性影响的研究进展[J].北京林业大学学报,2008,30(2):132138.
[65]宫超,汪思龙,曾掌权,等.中亚热带常绿阔叶林不同演替阶段碳储量与格局特征[J].生态学杂志2011,30(9):19351941.
[66]龚伟,胡庭兴,王景燕,等.川南天然常绿阔叶林人工更新后土壤碳库与肥力的变化[J].生态学报2008,28(6):25362545.
[67]顾大形,陈双林,黄玉清.土壤氮磷对四季竹叶片氮磷化学计量特征和叶绿素含量的影响[J].植物生态学报2011,35(12):12191225.
[68]关松荫.土壤酶及其研究法[M].北京:农业出版社,1986.
[69]郭广芬,张称意,徐影.气候变化对陆地生态系统土壤有机碳储量变化的影[J].生态学杂志,2006,25(4):435442.
[70]郭辉,董希斌,姜帆.皆伐方式对小兴安岭低质土壤呼吸的影响[J].林业科学,2009,45(10):3238.
[71]郭辉,董希斌,姜帆.采伐强度对小兴安岭低质土壤碳通量的影响[J].林业科学,2010,46(2):110115.
[72]郭子武,陈双林,杨清平,等.雷竹林土壤和叶片N、P化学计量特征对林地覆盖的响应[J].生态学报,2012,32(20):63616368.
[73]韩文轩,吴漪,汤璐瑛,等.北京及周边地区植物叶的碳氮磷元素计量特征[J].北京大学学报,2009,45(5):855860.
[74]郝广明,许忠学,杨帆,等.采伐林地土壤养分研究[J].北华大学学报(自然科学版),2002,3(5):13.
[75]郝俊鹏,凌宁,李瑞霞,等.间伐对马尾松人工林土壤酶活性的影响[J].南京林业大学学报(自然科学版),2013,37(4):5156.
[76]郝余祥.土壤微生物[M].北京:科学出版社,1982.
[77]何兴东,丛培芳,董治宝,等.20世纪末30a里全球生态退化状况[J].中国沙漠,2007,27(2):283289.
[78]贺旭东.万木林常绿阔叶林粗木质残体碳库及其呼吸通量研究[D].福州:福建师范大学,2010.
[79]侯琳,白娟,李银,等.秦岭山地松栎混交林优势草本N,P化学计量特征[J].草地学报,2013,21(4):637642.
[80]侯琳,雷瑞德.完全封育方式对天然油松林的影响[J].生态学报,2007,27(1):288295.
[81]侯琳,雷瑞德,康博文,等.黄龙山林区油松林封育过程中植物物种多样性特征[J].西北植物学报,2004a,24(7):11651172.
[82]侯琳,雷瑞德.秦岭火地塘林区林下主要灌木碳吸存[J].生态学报,2009,29(11):60776084.
[83]侯琳,雷瑞德,王得祥,等.森林生态系统土壤呼吸研究进展[J].土壤通报2006,37(3):589594.
[84]侯琳,雷瑞德,王得祥,等.秦岭火地塘天然次生油松林土壤有机碳的特征[J].西北农林科技大学学报,2008,36(8),156160.
[85]侯琳,雷瑞德,王得祥,等.秦岭火地塘天然次生油松林间草本层碳密度[J].草地学报,2009,16(3):262266.
[86]侯琳,雷瑞德,张硕新,等.秦岭火地塘林区油松林土壤呼吸时空变异[J].生态学报,2010,30(19):52255236.
[87]侯琳,彭鸿,陈晓荣,等.分层抽样法在路基水土流失监测中的应用[J].水土保持通报,2004b,24(3):3739.
[88]侯平,潘存德.森林生态系统中的粗死木质残体及其功能[J].应用生态学报,2001,12(2):309314.
[89]侯学煜.中华人民共和国植被图[M].中国地图出版社,北京,1982.
[90]胡海清,陆昕,孙龙.土壤活性有机碳分组及测定方法[J].森林工程,2012,28(5):1822.
[91]胡海清,孙龙.19801999年大兴安岭灌木、草本和地被物林火碳释放估算[J].应用生态学报,2007,18(12):26472653.
[92]胡海清,孙龙,国庆喜,等.大兴安岭19801999年乔木燃烧释放碳量研究[J].林业科学,2007,43(1):8288.
[93]胡会峰,王志恒,刘国华,等.中国主要灌丛植被碳储量[J].植物生态学报,2006,30(4):539544.
[94]胡建伟,朱成秋.抚育间伐对森林环境的影响[J].东北林业大学报,1999,27(3):6567.
[95]胡霞,吴宁,尹鹏,等.川西高原季节性雪被覆盖下凋落物输入对土壤微生物数量及生物量的影响[J].生态科学,2013,32(3):359364.
[96]胡霞,吴宁,王乾,等.青藏高原东缘雪被覆盖和凋落物添加对土壤氮素动态的影响[J].生态环境学报,2012,21(11):17891794.
[97]胡有宁,王得祥,郭垚鑫,等.陕西周至典型森林群落结构和物种多样性特征[J].西北农林科技大学学报,2011,39(3):7581.
[98]黄昌勇.土壤学.北京:中国农业出版社,2000.
[99]黄湘,李卫红,陈亚宁,等.塔里木河下游荒漠河岸林群落土壤呼吸及其影响因子[J].生态学报,2007,27(5):19511959.
[100]胡旭,王海涛,卢建国,等.干旱和半干旱区油蒿对土壤空间异质性的响应[J].中国沙漠,2007,27(4):588592.
[101]黄耀,沈雨,周密,等.木质素和氮含量对植物残体分解的影响[J].植物生态学报,2003,27(2):183188.
[102]季劲钧,黄玫,李克让.21世纪中国陆地生态系统与大气碳交换的预测研究[J].中国科学(D辑),2008,38(2):211223.
[103]贾丙瑞,周广胜,王风玉,等.放牧与围栏羊草草原生态系统土壤呼吸作用比较[J].应用生态学报,2004,15(9):16111615.
[104]贾芳,贾忠奎,马履一,等.抚育间伐对北京山区油松幼龄人工林水源涵养功能的影响[J].水土保持学报,2009,23(6):235239.
[105]贾忠奎,马履一,徐程扬,等.北京山区幼龄侧柏林主要林分类型土壤水分及理化特性研究[J].水土保持学报,2005,19(3):160164.
[106]蒋高明,黄银晓.北京山区辽东栋林土壤释放CO2的模拟实验研究[J].生态学报,1997,11(5),477482.
[107]江元明,庞学勇,包维楷.岷江上游油松与云杉人工林土壤微生物生物量及其影响因素[J].生态学报,2011,31(3):801811.
[108]姜丽芬,石福臣,王化田,等.东北地区落叶松人工林的根系呼吸[J].植物生理学通讯,2004,40(1):2730.
[109]江西大学生物系生物防治科研组.补充营养对赤眼蜂寿命及繁殖力的影响[J].昆虫知识,1977,(1):910.
[110]康博文,刘建军,党坤良,等.秦岭火地塘林区油松林土壤碳循环研究[J].应用生态学报,2006,17(5):759764.
[111]康冰,刘世荣,蔡道雄,等.南亚热带杉木生态系统生物量和碳素积累及其空间分布特征[J].林业科学,2009,45(8):147153.
[112]康惠宁,马钦彦,袁嘉祖.中国森林C汇功能基本估计[J].应用生态学报,1996,7(3):230234.
[113]雷向东,陆元昌,张会儒,等.抚育间伐对落叶松云冷杉混交林的影响[J].林业科学,2005,41(4):7885.
[114]雷向东,唐守正.森林经营对群落α多样性影响的定量研究进展[J].生态学杂志,2000,19(3):4651.
[115]李传龙,谢宗强,赵常明,等.三峡库区磷化工厂点源污染对陆生植物群落组成和物种多样性的影响[J].生物多样性2007,15(5):523532.
[116]李春明,杜纪山,张会儒.抚育间伐对森林生长的影响及其模型研究[J].林业科学研究,2003,16(5):636641.
[117]李春义,马履一,徐昕.抚育间伐对森林生物多样性影响研究进展[J].世界林业研究,2006,19(6):2732.
[118]李凤英,纪桂琴,石福臣.凉水国家级自然保护区森林群落结构及物种多样性分析[J].南开大学学报,2009,42(3):3845.
[119]李国雷,刘勇,甘敬,等.飞播油松林地土壤酶活性对间伐强度的季节响应[J].东北林业大学学报,2008,30(2):8287.
[120]李海涛,王姗娜,高鲁鹏,等.赣中亚热带森林植被碳储量[J].生态学报,2007,27(2):693704.
[121]栗军伟,向成华,骆宗诗,等.森林土壤呼吸研究进[J].应用生态学报,2006,17(2):24512456.
[122]李可,李凤珍.长白山地区参与倒木分解的真菌的研究[J].森林生态系统研究,1992,(6):210214.
[123]李克让,王绍强,曹明奎.中国植被和土壤碳贮量[J].中国科学(D辑),2003,33(1):7280.
[124]李凌浩,党高弟,汪铁军,等.秦岭巴山冷杉林粗死木质残体研究[J].植物生态学,1998,22(5):434440.
[125]李凌浩,王其兵,白永飞,等.锡林河流域羊草草原群落土壤呼吸及其影响因子的研究[J].植物生态学报,2000,24(6):680686.
[126]李凌浩,邢雪荣,黄大明,等.武夷山甜储林粗死木质残体的贮量、动态及其功能评述[J].植物生态学报,1996,20(2):132143.
[127]李陆平,廖超英,李晓明,等.毛乌素沙地樟子松人工林对土壤微生物及酶活性的影响[J].西北林学院学报,2012,27(3):1216.
[128]李娜.川西亚高山森林植被生物量及碳储量遥感估算研究[D].四川农业大学,2008.
[129]李倩茹,符夏梨.红树林土壤微生物与土壤酶活性分析[J].广东农业科学7,9396.
[130]李荣,张文辉,何景峰,等.不同间伐强度对辽东栎林群落稳定性的影响[J].应用生态学报,2011,22(1):1420.
[131]李太魁,朱波,王小国,等.土地利用方式对土壤活性有机碳含量影响的初步研究[J].土壤通报,2012,4(1):4651.
[132]李婷,张世熔,张林,等.横断山北部生态脆弱区土壤钾素的影响因素分析[J].水土保持学报,2006,20(3):102105.
[133]李团练,李道智.秦岭林区森林资源经营管护的有效途径[J].陕西师范大学学报(自然科学版),2007,35(增刊):183185.
[134]李晓娜,国庆喜,王兴昌,等.东北天然次生林下木树种生物量的相对生长[J].林业科学,2010,46(8):2232.
[135]李延茂,胡江春,汪思龙,等.森林生态系统中微生物的作用与应用[J].应用生态学报,2004,15(10):19431946.
[136]李阳兵,谢德体,魏朝富.重庆喀斯特山地土壤种子分布特征[J].生态环境,2006,15(2),358361.
[137]李银,侯琳,陈军军,等.秦岭松栎混交林碳密度空间分布特征[J].东北林业大学学报,2014,42(1):4750.
[138]李英年,赵亮,王勤学,等.高寒金露梅灌丛生物量及年周转量[J].草地学报,2006,14(1):7276.
[139]廖利平,高洪,汪思龙.外加N源对杉木叶凋落物分解及土壤养分淋失的影响[J].植物生态学报,2000,24(1):3439.
[140]廖利平,马越强,汪思龙.杉木与主要造林阔叶树种叶凋落物的混合分解[J].植物生态学学报,2000,24(1):2733.
[141]廖利平,杨跃军,汪思龙.杉木\火力楠纯林及其混交林细根分布、分解与养分归还[J].应用生态学报,1995,6(1):710.
[142]林波,刘庆,吴彦,等.森林凋落物研究进展[J].生态学杂志,2004,23(1):6064.
[143]林开敏,洪伟,俞新妥.杉木与伴生植物凋落物混合分解的相互作用研究[J].应用生态学,2001,12(3):321325.
[144]林启美,吴玉光,刘焕龙.熏蒸法测定土壤微生物量碳的改进[J].生态学志,1999,18(2):6366.
[145]林清山,洪伟.中国森林碳储量研究综述[J].中国农学通报,2009,25(6):220224.
[146]林伟.井冈山森林生态系统植被碳密度研究[D].南昌大学,2010.
[147]刘超,王洋,王楠,等.陆地生态系统植被氮磷化学计量研究进展[J].植物生态学报2012,36(11):12051216.
[148]刘广全,倪文进,刘慧芳等.秦岭南坡锐齿栎林的生态环境及其营养积累[J].应用生态学报,2002,13(5):513518.
[149]刘国华,傅伯杰,方精云.中国森林碳动态及其对全球碳平衡的贡献[J].生态学报,2000,20(5):733740.
[150]刘华,雷瑞德.我国森林生态系统碳储量和碳平衡的研究方法及进展[J].西北植物学报,2005,25(4):835843.
[151]刘华,侯琳,雷瑞德.秦岭火地塘林区油松和华山松林的空间分布格局及碳储量与碳密度研究[J].中国生态农业学报,2007,15(1):58.
[152]刘华,臧润国,江晓珩,等.天山云杉天然林分土壤呼吸速率的时空变化规律分析[J].自然资源学报,2007,24(4):568578.
[153]刘建军,雷瑞德,尚廉斌,等.火地塘林场立地分类的初步研究[J].西北林学院学报,1996,11(增刊),3236.
[154]刘建军,王得祥,雷瑞德,等.秦岭天然油松、锐齿栎林地土壤呼吸与CO2 释放[J].林业科学,2003a,39,813.
[155]刘建军,王得祥,雷瑞德,等.火地塘林区锐齿栎林土壤碳循环的动态模拟[J].西北农林科技大学学报:自然科学版,2003b,31(6):1218.
[156]刘琪璟,王战.长白山岳桦林倒木及其与更新的关系[J].森林生态系统研究,1992,6:6367.
[157]刘尚华,冯朝阳,吕世海,等.京西百花山区6种植物群落凋落物持水性能研究[J].水土保持学报,2007,21(6):179182.
[158]刘绍辉,方精云,清田信.北京山地温带森林的土壤呼吸[J].植物生态学报,1998,22(2):119126.
[159]刘婷岩,张彦东,彭红梅,等.林分密度对水曲柳人工幼龄林植被碳储量的影响[J].东北林业大学学报,2012,40(6):14.
[160]刘文飞,樊后保,杨跃霖,等.氮沉降对杉木人工林凋落物微量元素含量的影响[J].福建林学院学报,2007,27(4):322327.
[161]刘文耀,谢寿昌,谢克金,等.哀牢山中山湿性常绿阔叶林凋落物和粗死木质物的初步研究[J].植物学报,1995,37(10):807814.
[162]刘兴诏,周国逸,张德强,等.南亚热带森林不同演替阶段植物与土壤中 N、P的化学计量特征[J].植物生态学报,2010,34(1):6471.
[163]刘万德,苏建荣,李帅锋,等.云南普洱季风常绿阔叶林演替系列植物和土壤 C、N、P化学计量特征[J].生态学报,2010,30,65816590.
[164]刘勇,李国雷,李瑞生,等.密度调控对油松人工林土壤肥力的影响[J].西北林学院学报,2008,23(6):1823.
[165]刘增文.森林生态系统养分循环研究中若干问题讨论[J].南京林业大学学报,2002,26(4):2730.
[166]刘增文.Olson枯落物分解模型存在的问题与修正[J].西北农林科技大学学报,2005,33(1):6970.
[167]刘增文,王乃江,李雅素,等.森林生态系统稳定性的养分原理[J].西北农林科技大学学报(自然科学版),2006,34(12):129134.
[168]刘增文,赵先贵.森林生态系统养分循环特征参数研究[J].西北林学院学报,2001,16(4):2124.
[169]陆彬,王淑华,毛子军,等.小兴安岭4种原始红松林群落类型生长季土壤呼吸特征[J].生态学报,2010,30(15):40654074.
[170]陆梅,卫捷,韩智亮.滇池西岸4种针叶林的土壤微生物与酶活性[J].东北林业大学学报,2011,39(6):5659.
[171]卢文岱.SPSS for Windows统计分析[M].北京:电子工业出版社,2006.
[172]吕竟斌,张秋良,于楠楠,等.蛮汉山油松及华北落叶松抚育间伐对土壤理化性质及微生物影响[J].林业资源管理,2012,4:7485.
[173]吕明和,周国逸,张德强,等.鼎湖山锥栗粗木质残体的分解和元素动态[J].热带亚热带植物学报,2006a,14(2):107112.
[174]吕贻忠,李保国.土壤学[M].北京:中国农业出版社,2006.
[175]栾军伟,向成华,骆宗诗,等.森林土壤呼吸研究进展[J].应用生态学报,2006,17(12):24512456.
[176]罗辑,杨忠,杨清伟.贡嘎山东坡峨眉冷杉林区土壤CO2排放[J].土壤学报,2000,37(3):402409.
[177]罗龙发,牛赟,王艺林,等.祁连山青海云杉林温度变化对土壤呼吸的影响[J].林业科学,2007,43(10):117121.
[178]骆士寿,陈步峰,陈永富,等.海南岛霸王岭热带山地雨林采伐经营初期土壤碳氮储量[J].林业科学研究,2000,13(2):123128.
[179]骆士寿,陈步峰,李意德,等.海南岛尖峰岭热带山地雨林土壤和凋落物呼吸研究[J].生态学报,2001,21(12):20132017.
[180]罗应华,孙冬婧,林建勇,等.马尾松人工林近自然化改造对植物自然更新及物种多样性的影响[J].生态学报,2013,33(19):61546162.
[181]罗云建,张小全.多代连栽人工林碳贮量的变化[J].林业科学研究,
2006,16(9):791798.
[182]罗云建,张小全,侯振宏,等.我国落叶松林生物量碳计量参数的初步研究[J].植物生态学报,2007,31(6):11111118.
[183]马红亮,朱建国,谢祖彬.大气CO2浓度升高对植物土壤系统地下过程影响的研究[J].土壤,2003,35(6):465472.
[184]马克平.生物群落多样性的测度方法[J].生物多样性,1994,2(3):162168.
[185]马履一,李春义,王希群,等.不同强度间伐对北京山区油松生长及其林下植物多样性的影响[J].林业科学,2007,43(5):19.
[186]马明东,江洪,刘跃建,等.楠木人工林生态系统生物量、碳含量、碳贮量及其分布[J].林业科学,2008,44(3):3439.
[187]马钦彦,陈遐林,王娟,等.华北主要森林类型建群种的含碳率分析[J].北京林业大学学报,2002,24(5/6):96100.
[188]马玉娥,项文化,雷丕锋.林木树干呼吸变化及其影响因素研究进展[J].植物生态学报,2007,31(3):403412.
[189]马志贵,王金锡.大熊猫栖息环境的森林凋落物动态研究[J].植物生态学与地植物学报,1993,17(2):155163.
[190]毛子军.森林生态系统碳平衡估测方法及其研究进展[J].植物生态学报,2002,26(6):731738.
[191]毛子军,王秀伟,赵甍.质量平衡法估测树干呼吸的理论与应用[J].林业科学,2007,43(10):106111.
[192]毛志宏,朱教君,刘足根,等.间伐对落叶松人工林内草本植物多样性及其组成的影响[J].生态学杂志,2006,25(10):21011207.
[193]孟春,王立海,沈微.择伐对小兴安岭针阔叶混交林土壤呼吸的影响[J].应用生态学报,2008,19(4):729734.
[194]孟立君,吴凤芝.土壤酶研究进展[J].东北农业大学学报,2004,35(5):622626.
[195]南京水利科学研究院主编.土工试验规程[M].北京:中国水利出版社,1999.
[196]牛得草,董晓玉,傅华.长芒草不同季节碳氮磷生态化学计量特征[J].草业科学,2011,28(6):915920.
[197]牛书丽,蒋高明,李永庚.C3与C4植物的环境调控[J].生态学报,2004,24(2):308314.
[198]欧阳学军,黄忠良,周国逸,等.鼎湖山南亚热带森林群落演替对土壤化学性质影响的累积效应研究[J].水土保持学报,2003,17(4):5154.
[199]欧阳学军,周国逸,魏识广,等.南亚热带森林植被恢复演替序列的土壤有机碳氮矿化[J].应用生态学报,2007,18(8):1681694.
[200]潘辉.三种相思树人工林凋落物养分归还功能及碳平衡研究[D].福建农林大学博士学位论文,2008.
[201]彭少麟,李跃林,任海,等.全球变化条件下的土壤呼吸效应[J].地球科学进展,2002,17(5):706713.
[202]彭少麟,刘强.森林凋落物动态及其对全球变暖的响应[J].生态学报,2002,22(9):15341544.
[203]漆良华,张旭东,周金星,等.湘西北小流域不同植被恢复区土壤微生物数量、生物量碳氮及其分形特征[J].林业科学,2009,45(8):1420.
[204]齐志勇,王宏燕,王江丽,等.陆地生态系统土壤呼吸研究进展[J].农业系统科学与综合研究,2003,19(2):116119.
[205]钱迎倩,王亚辉,祁国荣.20世纪中国学术大典(生物学)[M].福州:福建教育出版社,2004.
[206]秦廷松,李登武,吕振江,等.黄土高原地区黄龙山白皮松林地土壤种子库研究[J].浙江农林大学学报,2011,28(5):694700.
[207]邱雷,陈信力,丁辉,等.间伐对侧柏人工林土壤微生物生物量碳、氮的影响[J].江苏林业科技,2013,40(6):1419.
[208]冉景丞,何师意,曹建华.亚热带森林岩溶区土壤CO2迁移动态初步研究[J].贵州地质,2001,18,247252.
[209]饶良懿,朱金兆,毕华兴.重庆四面山森林枯落物和土壤水文效应[J].北京林业大学学,2005,27(1):3337.
[210]任海,彭少麟,刘鸿先,等.小良热带人工混交林的凋落物及其生态效益研究[J].应用生态学报,1998,9(5):458462.
[211]任立忠,罗菊春,李新彬.抚育采伐对山杨次生林植物多样性影响的研究[J].北京林业大学学报,2000,22:1417.
[212]任书杰,于贵瑞,陶波,等.中国东部南北样带654种植物叶片氮和磷的化学计量学特征研究[J].环境科学,2007,28(12):26652673.
[213]茹文明,张金屯,毕润成,等.山西霍山森林群落林下物种多样性研究[J].生态学杂志,2005,24(10):11391142.
[214]桑卫国,马克平,陈灵芝.暖温带落叶阔叶林碳循环的初步估算[J].植物生态学报,2002,26(5):543548.
[215]尚红喜,黄光强,李景文.强度干扰红松阔叶林种子库特性及其动态初步研究[J].科学技术与工程,2006,6(3):256260.
[216]沈文清,刘允芬,马钦彦,等.千烟洲人工针叶林碳素分布、碳贮量及碳汇功能研究[J].林业实用技术,2006,(8):58.
[217]沈文清,马钦彦,刘允芬.森林生态系统碳收支状况研究进展[J].江西农业大学学报,2006,28(2):312317.
[218]石广玉,丁一汇,张鹏.中国森林释放与同化CO2[M].北京:气象出版社,1996.
[219]史军,刘纪远,高志强,等.造林对土壤碳储量影响的研究[J].生态学杂志,2005,24(4):410416.
[220]宋新章,张慧玲,肖文发,等.长白山区阔叶红松林采伐林隙种子库研究[J].北京林业大学学报,2009,31(2):1724.
[221]宋彦涛,周道玮,李强,等.松嫩草地80种草本植物叶片氮磷化学计量特征[J].植物生态学报,2012,36(3):222230.
[222]宋泽伟,唐建维.西双版纳热带季节雨林的粗死木质残体及其养分元素[J].生态学杂志,2008,27(12):20332041.
[223]苏芳莉,刘明国,迟德霞,等.间伐强度对天然次生林凋落物性质的作用效果分析[J].土壤通报,2007,38(6):10961099.
[224]孙丽娟,曾辉,郭大立.鼎湖山亚热带常绿针阔叶混交林凋落物及矿质氮输入对土壤有机碳分解的影响[J].应用生态学报,2011,22(12):30873093.
[225]孙儒泳,李博,诸葛阳,等.普通生态学[M].北京:高等教育出版社,1993.
[226]孙伟军,方晰,项文化,等.湘中丘陵区不同演替阶段森林土壤活性有机碳库特征[J].生态学报,2013,33(24):77657773.
[227]孙秀云.东北主要树种倒木分解释放CO2通量及其影响因子的研究[D].哈尔滨:东北林业大学,2007.
[228]孙秀云,王传宽.东北主要树种倒木分解释放的CO2通量[J].生态学报,2007,27(12):51305137.
[229]孙玉军,张俊,韩爱惠,等.兴安落叶松(Larix gmelini)幼中龄林的生物量与碳汇功能[J].生态学报,2007,27(5):17561762.
[230]孙志虎,牟长城,张彦东.地统计学方法在长白落叶松人工林凋落物现存量估测中的应用[J].生物数学学报,2007,22(4):703710.
[231]谭龙云,张文革.乌江下游森林枯枝落叶水文特性的研究[J].西南林学院学报,1995,15(4):3338.
[232]谭周进,戴素明,谢桂,等.旅游踩踏对土壤微生物生物量碳、氮、磷的影响[J].环境科学学报,2006,26(11):19211926.
[233]唐凤德,韩士杰,张军辉.长白山阔叶红松林生态系统碳动态及其对气候变化的响应[J].应用生态学报,2009,20(6):12851292.
[234]唐旭利,周国逸,周霞,等.鼎湖山季风常绿阔叶林粗死木质残体的研究[J].植物生态学报,2003,27(4):484489.
[235]田呈明,刘建军,梁英梅,等.秦岭火地塘林区森林根际微生物及其土壤生化特性研究[J].水土保持通报,1999,19(2):1922.
[236]田大伦.杉木林生态系统定位研究方法[M].北京:科学出版社,2004.
[237]田英姿,李友明.TOC分析仪测定原理及应用[J].造纸科学与技术,2003,22(2):4547.
[238]屠梦照,姚文华,翁轰,等.鼎湖山南亚热带常绿阔叶林凋落物的特征[J].土壤学报,1993,30(1):4452.
[239]王伯荪,王昌伟,彭少麟.生物多样性刍议[J].中山大学学报,2005,44(6):6870.
[240]王传宽,杨金艳.北方森林土壤呼吸和木质残体分解释放出的CO2通量[J].生态学报,2005,25(3):633638.
[241]王成,庞学勇,包维楷.低强度林窗式疏伐对云杉人工纯林地表微气候和土壤养分的短期影响[J].应用生态学报,2010,21(3):541548.
[242]王春梅,刘艳红,邵彬,等.量化退耕还林后土壤碳变化[J].北京林业大学学报,2007,29(3):112119.
[243]王光军,田大伦,闫文德,等.去除和添加凋落物对枫香(Liquidambar formosana)和樟树(Cinnamomum cam phora)林土壤呼吸的影响[J].生态学报,2009,29(2):643652.
[244]王光军,田大伦,朱凡,等.枫香(Liquidambar formosana)和樟树(Cinnamomum camphora)人工林土壤呼吸及其影响因子的比较[J].生态学报,2008,28(9):41074114.
[245]王凤友.森林凋落量研究综述[J].生态学进展,1989,6(2),8289.
[246]王海淇,郭爱雪,邸雪颖.大兴安岭林火点烧对土壤有机碳和微生物量碳的即时影响[J].东北林业大学学报,2011,39(5):7276.
[247]王海稳,张金柱,许中旗,等.太行山区不同土地利用方式下土壤碳贮量的研究[J].水土保持学报,2007,21(2):49132.
[248]王鹤松,张劲松,孟平,等.华北山区非主要生长季典型人工林土壤呼吸变化特征[J].林业科学研究,2007,20(6):820825.
[249]王会利,毕利东,张斌.退化红壤马尾松恢复林地土壤微生物生物量变化及其控制因素研究[J].土壤学报,2008,45(2):313320.
[250]汪建飞,董彩霞,谢越,等.铵硝比和磷素营养对菠菜生长、氮素吸收和相关酶活性的影响[J].土壤学报,2006,43(6):954960.
[251]王俊,白瑜.土壤种子库研究的几个热点问题[J].生态环境,2006,15(6):13721379.
[252]王淼,姬兰柱,李秋荣,等.土壤温度和水分对长白山不同森林类型土壤呼吸的研究[J].应用生态学,2003,4(8):12341238.
[253]王淼,姬兰柱,李秋荣,等.长白山地区红松树干呼吸的研究[J].应用生态学报,2005,16(1):713.
[254]王启兰,曹广民,王长庭.放牧对小嵩草草甸土壤酶活性及土壤环境因素的影响[J].植物营养与肥料学报,2007,13(5):856864.
[255]王清奎,汪思龙,高洪,等.杉木人工林土壤活性有机质变化特征[J].应用生态学报,2005,16(7):12701274.
[256]王瑞永,刘莎莎,王成章,等.不同海拔高度高寒草地土壤理化指标分析[J].草业学报,2009,17(5):621628.
[257]王绍强,刘纪远,于贵瑞.中国陆地土壤有机碳蓄积量估算误差分析[J].应用生态学报,2003,14(5):797802.
[258]王绍强,于贵瑞.生态系统碳氮磷元素的生态化学计量学特征[J].生态学报,2008,28(8):39373947.
[259]王绍强,周成虎,李克让,等.中国土壤有机碳库及空间分布特征分析[J].地理学报,2000,55(5):533544.
[260]王世杰,卢红梅,周运超,等.茂兰喀斯特原始森林土壤有机碳的空间变异性与代表性土样采样方法[J].土壤学报,2007,44(3):475483.
[261]王文杰,王慧梅,祖元刚,等.林木非同化器官与土壤呼吸的温度系数Q10值的特征分析[J].植物生态学报,2005,29(4):680691.
[262]王娓,方精云.作为地下过程的土壤呼吸:我们理解了多少?[J].植物生态学报,2007,31(3):345347.
[263]王娓,郭继勋.东北松嫩平原羊草群落的土壤呼吸与枯枝落叶分解释放的CO2的贡献量[J].生态学报,2002,22(5):655660.
[264]王娓,宋日,郭继勋.东北松嫩草原碱茅群落的土壤呼吸同枯枝落叶分解释放CO2贡献量研究[J].草业学报,2002,11(2):4550.
[265]王伟伟,杨海龙,贺康宁,等.祁连山青海云杉人工林草本层生态位及生态响应研究[J].草地学报,2012,20(4):626630.
[266]王小国,朱波,王艳强,等.不同土地利用方式下土壤呼吸及其温度敏感性[J].生态学报,2007,27(5):19601968.
[267]王效科,白艳莹,欧阳志云,等.全球碳循环中的失汇及其形成原因[J].生态学报,2002,22(1):94103.
[268]王效科,冯宗炜,欧阳志云.中国森林生态系统的植物碳储量和碳密度研究[J].应用生态学,2001,12(1):1316.
[269]王兴昌,王传宽,于贵瑞.基于全球涡度相关的森林碳交换的时空格局[J].中国科学(D辑),2008,38(9):10921102.
[270]王旭,周广胜,蒋延玲,等.长白山阔叶红松林皆伐迹地土壤呼吸作用[J].植物生态学报,2007,31(3):355362.
[271]王雪军,黄国胜,孙玉军,等.近20年辽宁省森林碳储量及其动态变化[J].生态学报,2008,8(10):47574764.
[272]王祖华,刘红梅,王晓杰.经营措施对森林生态系统碳储量影响的研究[J].西北农林科技大学学报(自然科学版),2011,39(1):8388.
[273]魏斌,张霞,吴热风.生态学中的干扰理论与应用实例[J].生态学杂志,1996,15(6):5054.
[274]尉海东,马祥庆.中亚热带不同发育阶段杉木人工林生态系统碳贮量研究[J].江西农业大学学报,2006,28(2):239243.
[275]温明章,于丹,郭继勋.凋落物层对东北羊草草原微环境的影响[J].武汉植物学研究,2003,21(5):395400.
[276]温远光,陈放,刘世荣,等.广西桉树人工林物种多样性与生物量关系[J].林业科学,2008,44(4):1419.
[277]文仕知,田大伦,杨丽丽,等.桤木人工林的碳密度、碳库及碳吸存特征[J].林业科学,2010,46(6):1521.
[278]吴波波,郭剑芬,吴君君,等.采伐剩余物对林地表层土壤生化特性和酶活性的影响[J].生态学报,2014,34(7):16451651.
[279]吴际友,叶道碧,王旭军.长沙市城郊森林土壤酶活性及其与土壤理化性质的相关性[J].东北林业大学学报,2010,38(3):9799.
[280]吴家兵,关德新,韩士杰,等.长白山地区红松和紫椴倒木呼吸研究[J].北京林业大学学报,2008,30(2):1419.
[281]吴家兵,关德新,张弥,等.长白山阔叶红松林碳收支特征[J].北京林业大学学报,2007,29(1):16.
[282]吴建国,艾丽,苌伟.祁连山中部四种典型生态系统土壤有机碳矿化及其影响因素[J].生态学杂志,2007,26(11):17031711.
[283]吴建国,张小全,王彦辉,等.土地利用变化对土壤物理组分中有机碳分配的影响[J].林业科学,2002,38(4):1929.
[284]吴建国,张小全,徐德应.六盘山林区几种土地利用方式土壤呼吸时间格局[J].环境科学,2003,24(6):2332.
[285]吴建国,张小全,徐德应.六盘山林区几种土地利用方式下土壤活性有机碳的比较[J].植物生态学报,2004,28(5):657664.
[286]吴鹏飞,朱波,刘世荣,等.不同林龄桤柏混交林生态系统的碳储量及其分配[J].应用生态学报,2008,19(7):14191424.
[287]吴庆标,王效科,段晓男,等.中国森林生态系统植被固碳现状和潜力[J].生态学报,2008,28(2):517524.
[288]武曙红,张小全.CDM林业碳汇项目的非持久性风险分析[J].林业科学,2007,43(8):123126.
[289]巫涛,彭重华,田大伦,等.长沙市区马尾松人工林生态系统碳储量及其空间分布[J].生态学报,2012,32(13):40344042.
[290]吴统贵,吴明,刘丽,等.杭州湾滨海湿地3种草本植物叶片N、P化学计量学的季节变化[J].植物生态学报,2010,34(1):2328.
[291]吴亚丛,李正才,程彩芳,等.林下植被抚育对樟树人工林土壤活性有机碳库的影响[J].应用生态学报,2013,24(12):33413346.
[292]吴志丹,李跃森,王义祥,等.经营措施对土壤碳储量和碳通量的影响[J].热带农业科学,2008,28(1):8491.
[293]汪冬华.多元统计分析与SPSS应用[M].上海:华东理工大学出版社,2010.
[294]奚小环,张建新,廖启林,等.多目标区域地球化学调查与土壤碳储量问题:以江苏、湖南、四川、吉林、内蒙古为例[J].第四纪研究,2008,28(1):5867.
[295]肖复明,汪思龙,杜天真,等.湖南会同林区杉木人工林呼吸量测定[J].生态学报,2005,25(10):25142519.
[296]肖复明,汪思龙,范少辉,等.湖南会同天然次生常绿阔叶林群落呼吸量测定[J].北京林业大学学报,2006,28(增刊):4044.
[297]肖辉林,郑习健.土壤变暖对土壤微生物活性的影响.[J].土壤与环境,2001,10(2):138142.
[298]谢涛,郑阿宝,王国兵,等.苏北不同林龄杨树林土壤活性碳的季节变化[J].生态学杂志,2012,31(5):11711178.
[299]解宪丽,孙波,周慧珍,等.中国土壤有机碳密度和储量的估算与空间分布分析[J].土壤学报,2004,41(1):3543.
[300]熊浩仲,王开运,杨万勤.川西亚高山冷杉林和白桦林土壤酶活性季节动态[J].应用与环境生物学报,2004,10(4):416420.
[301]许涵,李意德,骆土寿,等.森林采伐对尖峰岭海南特有种子植物多样性的影响[J].生物多样性,2012,20(2):168176.
[302]徐化成.中国大兴安岭森林[M].北京:科学出版社,1998.
[303]徐明岗,于荣,孙小凤,等.长期施肥对我国典型土壤活性有机质及碳库管理指数的影响[J].植物营养与肥料学报,2006,12(4):459465.
[304]徐文煦,王继华,张雪萍.我国森林土壤微生物生态学研究现状及展望[J].哈尔滨师范大学自然科学学报,2009,25(3):96100.
[305]徐昕,马履一,李春义.间伐措施对北京山区幼龄侧柏人工林土壤碱性磷酸酶活性的短期影响[J].东北林业大学学报,2008,36(1):5157.
[306]徐新良,曹明奎.森林生物量遥感估算与应用分析[J].地球信息科学,2006,8(4),122128.
[307]徐新良,曹明奎,李克让.中国森林生态系统植被碳储量时空动态变化研究[J].地球科学进展,2007,26(6):110.
[308]薛毅,陈立萍.统计建模与R软件[M].北京:清华大学出版社,2007.
[309]阎恩荣,王希华,黄建军.森林粗死木质残体的概念及其分类[J].生态学报,2005,25(1):158167.
[310]阎恩荣,王希华,周武.天童常绿阔叶林演替系列植物群落的N:P化学计量特征[J].植物生态学报,2008,32(1):1322.
[311]严俊霞,秦作栋,张义辉,等.土壤温度和水分对油松林土壤呼吸的影响[J].生态学报,2009,29(12):63666376.
[312]阎凯,付登高,何峰,等.滇池流域富磷区不同土壤磷水平下植物叶片的养分化学计量特征[J].植物生态学报,2011,35,353361.
[313]严玉平,沙丽清,曹敏.西双版纳三种树木树干呼吸日变化特[J].山地学报,2006,24(3):268276.
[314]杨方方,李跃林,刘兴诏.鼎湖山木荷(Schima Superba)粗死木质残体的分解研究[J].山地学报,2009,27(4):442448.
[315]杨光,荣丽媛.黄土高原沟壑区人工植被类型对土壤水分和碳氮的影响[J].水土保持通报,2007,27(6):3033.
[316]杨海军,邵全琴,陈卓奇等.森林碳蓄积量估算方法及其应用分析[J].地球信息科学,2007,9(4),512.
[317]杨洪晓,吴波,张金屯,等.森林生态系统的固碳功能和碳储量研究进展[J].北京师范大学学报(自然科学版),2005,41(2):172177.
[318]杨惠敏,王冬梅.草环境系统植物碳氮磷生态化学计量学及其对环境因子的响应研究进展[J].草业学报,2011,20(2):244252.
[319]杨继松,刘景双.小叶章湿地土壤微生物生物量碳和可溶性有机碳的分布特征[J].生态学杂志,2009,28(8):15441549.
[320]杨金艳,王传宽.东北东部森林生态系统土壤碳贮量和碳通量[J].生态学报,2005,25(11):28752882.
[321]杨金艳,王传宽.东北东部森林生态系统土壤呼吸组分的分离量化[J].生态学报,2006,26(6):16411647.
[322]杨晶,黄建辉,詹学明,等.农牧交错区不同植物群落土壤呼吸的日动态观测与测定方法比较[J].植物生态学报,2004,28(3)318325.
[323]杨靖春,王大珍.东北羊草草原土壤微生物呼吸速率的研究[J].生态学报,1989,9(2):139143.
[324]杨丽韫,代力民.长白山北坡苔藓红松暗针叶林倒木分解及其养分含量[J].生态学报,2002,22(2):185189.
[325]杨丽韫,李文华.长白山不同生态系统地下部分生物量及地下C贮量的调查[J].自然资源学报,2003,18(2):204209.
[326]杨渺,李贤伟,张健,等.植被覆盖变化过程中土壤有机及其影响因素研究进展[J].草业学报,2007,16(4):126138.
[327]杨万勤,王开运.森林土壤酶的研究进展[J].林业科学,2004,40(2):152159.
[328]杨晓菲,鲁绍伟,饶良懿,等.中国森林生态系统碳储量及其影响因素研究进展[J].西北林学院学报,2011,26(3):7378.
[329]杨秀清,韩有志.华北山地6种天然次生林土壤氮素的空间异质性特征[J].中国水土保持科学,2010,08(6):95102.
[330]杨雪栋,孙卫国,宝音陶格涛.内蒙古荒漠草原小针茅群落土壤养分的化学计量学特征[J].中国草地学报,2012,34(5):3034.
[331]杨义群,肖俊章,白厚义.回归设计及多元分析-在农业中的应用[M].陕西:天则出版社,1990.
[332]杨玉林,高俊波,曹飞,等.抚育间伐对落叶松生长量的影响[J].吉林林业科技,2003,32(5):2124.
[333]杨玉海,陈亚宁,李卫红,等.准噶尔盆地西北缘新垦绿洲土地利用对土壤养分变化的影响[J].中国沙漠,2008,28(1):94100.
[334]杨玉盛,董彬,谢锦升,等.林木根呼吸及测定方法进展[J].植物生态学报,2004a,28(3):426434.
[335]杨玉盛,董彬,谢锦升,等.森林土壤呼吸及其对全球变化的响应[J].生态学报,2004b,24(3):583591.
[336]杨玉盛,陈光水,董彬,等.格氏拷天然林和人工林土壤呼吸对干湿交替的响应[J].生态学报,2004c,24(5):954958.
[337]杨玉盛,陈光水,王小国,等.皆伐对杉木人工林土壤呼吸的影响[J].土壤学报,2005,42(4):584590.
[338]杨跃军,孙向阳,王保平.森林土壤种子库与天然更新[J].应用生态学报,2001,12(2):304308.
[339]姚茂和,盛炜彤,熊有强,等.杉木林林下植被及其生物量的研究[J].林业科学,1991,27(6):644648.
[340]蚁伟民,易志刚,周丽霞,等.鼎湖山主要植被类型土壤微生物生物量[J].生态环境,2005,14(5):727729.
[341]易志刚,蚁伟民,周丽霞.土壤各组分呼吸区分方法研究进展[J].生态学杂志,2003,22(2):6569.
[342]银晓瑞,梁存柱,王立新,等.内蒙古典型草原不同恢复演替阶段植物养分化学计量学[J].植物生态学报,2010,34(1):3947.
[343]尹云锋,杨玉盛,高人,等.皆伐火烧对杉木人工林土壤有机碳和黑炭的影响[J].土壤学报,2009,46(2):352355.
[344]于贵瑞,温发全,王秋凤,等.全球气候变化与陆地生态系统碳循环于贵瑞全球变化与陆地生态系统碳循环[M].北京:气象出版社,2003,4396.
[345]于立忠,朱教君,孔祥文,等.人为干扰(间伐)对红松人工林林下植物多样性的影响[J].生态学报,2006,26(11):37573764.
[346]余敏,周志勇,康峰峰,等.山西灵空山小蛇沟林下草本层植物群落梯度分析及环境解释[J].植物生态学报,2013,37(5):373383.
[347]于明坚,陈启,王常,李铭红,等.浙江建德青冈常绿阔叶林凋落量研究[J].植物生态学报,1996,20(2):144150.
[348]于顺利,蒋高明.土壤种子库的研究进展及若干研究热点[J].植物生态学报,2003,27(4):551560.
[349]宇万太,马强,赵鑫,等.不同土地利用类型下土壤活性有机碳库的变化[J].生态学杂志,2007,26(12):20132016.
[350]宇万太,于永强.植物地下生物量研究进展[J].应用生态学报,2001,12(6):927932.
[351]余新晓,耿玉清,牛丽丽,等.采样尺度对北京山区典型流域森林土壤养分空间变异的影响——以密云潮关西沟流域为例[J].林业科学,2010,46(10):162166.
[352]于洋,王海燕,丁国栋,等.华北落叶松人工林土壤微生物数量特征及其与土壤性质的关系[J].东北林业大学学报,2011,39(3):7680.
[353]袁杰,侯琳,张硕新.森林粗木质残体研究进展[J].西北林学院学报,2011,26(4):9098.
[354]袁莉,周自宗,王震洪.土壤种子库的研究现状与进展综述[J].生态科学,2008,27(3):186192.
[355]袁素芬,陈亚宁,李卫红,等.新疆塔里木河下游灌丛地上生物量及其空间分布[J].生态学报,2006,26(6):18181824.
[356]袁喆,罗承德,李贤伟,等.间伐强度对川西亚高山人工云杉林土壤易氧化碳及碳库管理指数影响[J].水土保持学报,2010,24(6):127131.
[357]袁志发,贠海燕,周静芋,等.试验设计与分析[M].北京:中国农业出版社,2007.
[358]袁志发,宋世德.多元统计分析[M].北京:科学出版社,2008.
[359]臧润国,安树青,陶建平,等.海南岛热带林生物多样性维持机制[M].北京:科学出版社,2004.
[360]曾德慧,陈广生.生态化学计量学:复杂生命系统奥秘的探索[J].植物生态学报,2005,29(6):10071019.
[361]曾慧卿,刘琪璟,冯宗炜,等.红壤丘陵区林下灌木生物量估算模型的建立及其应用[J].应用生态学报,2007,18(10):21852190.
[362]张城,王绍强,于贵瑞,等.中国东部地区典型森林类型土壤有机碳储量分析[J].资源科学,2006,28(2):97103.
[363]张德强,叶万辉,余清发.湖山演替系列中代表性森林凋落物研究[J].生态学报,2000,20(6):938944.
[364]张鼎华,叶章发,范必有,等.抚育间伐对人工林土壤肥力的影响[J].应用生态学报,2001,12(5):672676.
[365]张家武,廖利平,李锦芳,等.马尾松火力楠混交林下凋落物动态及其对土壤养分的影响[J].应用生态学报,1993,4(4):359363.
[366]张建国,李应真,徐新文,等.间伐对塔里木沙漠公路防护林乔木状沙拐枣生长与土壤水盐分布的影响[J].应用生态学报,2012,23(9):23772382.
[367]张雷明,于贵瑞,孙晓敏,等.中国东部森林样带典型生态系统碳收支的季节变化[J].中国科学 D辑地球科学,2006,36(增刊I):4559.
[368]张丽萍,陈亚宁,李卫红,等.准噶尔盆地盐穗木群落土壤CO2释放规律及其影响因子[J].干旱区研究,2007,24(6):854860.
[369]张玲,方精云.秦岭太白山4类森林土壤种子库的储量分布与物种多样性[J].生物多样性,2004,12(1):131136.
[370]张猛,张健.林地土壤微生物、酶活性研究进展[J].四川农业大学学报,2003,21(4):347351.
[371]章明奎,王丽平.重金属污染对土壤有机质积累的影响[J].应用生态学报,2007,18(7):14791483.
[372]张劲松,孟平,王鹤松,等.华北石质山区刺槐人工林的土壤呼吸[J].林业科学,2008,44(2):814.
[373]张利敏.11个温带树种粗木质残体分解过程中碳动态及影响因子[D].哈尔滨:东北林业大学,2010.
[374]张巧明,王得样,龚明贯,等.秦岭火地塘林区不同海拔森林土壤理化性质[J].水土保持学报,2011,25(5):6973.
[375]张树斌,郑征.哀牢山中山湿性常绿阔叶林空心树木质残体呼吸作用初步研究[J].山地学报,2008,26(3):300307.
[376]张硕新,雷瑞德,刘广全,等.秦岭火地塘林区主要森林类型的营养循环[J].西北林学院学报,1996,11(增):115120.
[377]张文彦,樊江文,钟华平,等.中国典型草原优势植物功能群氮磷化学计量学特征研究[J].草地学报,2010,18(4):503509.
[378]张修玉,管东生,张海东.三种森林粗死木质残体(CWD)的储量与分解特征[J].生态学报,2009,29(10):52275236.
[379]张智婷,宋新章,肖文发,等.长白山杨桦次生林采伐林隙种子库特征[J].林业科学,2009,45(1):2126.
[380]赵德华,李建龙,齐家国,等.陆地生态系统碳平衡主要研究方法评述[J].生态学报,2006,26,26552662.
[381]赵辉,赵铭钦,程玉渊,等.土壤微生物影响因子研究综述[J].江西农业学报,2009,21(12):5256.
[382]赵丽娜,孙广玉,尹鹏达,等.小兴安岭天然白桦林植物物种多样性的多尺度分析[J].东北林业大学学报,2010,38(6):4648.
[383]赵萌,方晰,田大伦.第2代杉木人工林地土壤微生物数量与土壤因子的关系[J].林业科学,2007,43(6):712.
[384]赵敏,周广胜.中国森林生态系统的植物碳贮量及其影响因子分析[J].地理科学,2004,24(1),5054.
[385]赵蓓,郭泉水,牛树奎,等.大岗山林区几种常见灌木生物量估算与分析[J].东北林业大学学报,2012,40(9):2833.
[386]曾小平,彭少麟,赵平.广东南亚热带马占相思林呼吸量的测定[J].植物生态学报,2000,24(4):420424.
[387]郑诗樟,肖青亮,吴蔚东,等.丘陵红壤不同人工林型土壤微生物类群、酶活性与土壤理化性状关系的研究[J].中国生态农业学报,2008,16(1):5761.
[388]郑伟,霍光华,骆昱春,等.马尾松低效林不同改造模式土壤微生物及土壤酶活性的研究[J].江西农业大学学报,2010,32(4):743751.
[389]郑泽梅,张弥,温学发,等.长白山温带混交林林冠下层CO2通量对生态系统碳收支的贡献[J].生态学报,2009,29(1):18.
[390]钟春棋,曾从盛,仝川.不同土地利用方式对闽江口湿地土壤活性有机碳的影响[J].亚热带资源与环境学报,2010,5(4):6470.
[391]中国科学院长白山森林生态系统定位站.森林生态系统研究[M].北京:中国林业出版社,1992.
[392]钟华平,樊江文,于贵瑞,等.草地生态系统碳循环研究进展[J].草地学报,2005,13(增刊):6773.
[393]周存宇,周国逸,迎红,等.鼎湖山针阔叶混交林土壤呼吸的研究[J].北京林业大学学报,2005,27(4):2327.
[394]周存宇,周国逸,张德强,等.鼎湖山森林地CO2通量及其影响因子的研究[J].中国科学:2004,D辑24(8):17381741.
[395]周国模,刘恩斌,佘光辉.森林土壤碳库研究方法进展[J].浙江林学院学报,2006,23(2):207216.
[396]周海霞,张彦东,孙海龙,等.东北温带次生林与落叶松人工林的土壤呼吸[J].应用生态学报,2007,18(12):26682674.
[397]邹建文,黄耀,郑循华,等.基于暗箱法的陆地生态系统-大气CO2交换估算[J].科学通报,2004,49(3):258264.
[398]周建云,李荣,张文辉,等.不同间伐强度下辽东栎种群结构特征与空间分布格局[J].林业科学,2012,48(4):149155.
[399]周莉,代力民,谷会岩,等.长白上阔叶红松林采伐迹地土壤养分含量动态研究[J].应用生态学报,2004,15(10):17711775.
[400]周莉,李保国,周广胜.土壤有机碳的主导影响因子及其研究进展[J].地球科学进展,2005,20(1):99105.
[401]周涛,史培军,孙睿,等.气候变化对净生态系统生产力的影[J].地理学报,2004,59(3):357365.
[402]邹薇,刘铁梅,姚娟,等.基于生理生态过程的大麦顶端发育和物候期模拟模型检验[J].生态学报,2009,29(3):13091319.
[403]周新年,巫志龙,郑丽凤,等.天然林择伐10年后凋落物现存量及其养分含量[J].林业科学,2008,44(10):2528.
[404]周永文,黄文辉,陈红跃,等.不同人工林分枯落物和土壤持水能力研究[J].生态环境,2003,12(4):449451.
[405]周玉荣,于广敏,赵士洞.我国主要森林生态系统碳贮量和碳平衡[J].植物生态学报,2000,24(5):518522.
[406]褚清河,潘根兴,李典有,等.氮磷等比与以磷定氮条件下玉米的最大施肥量研究[J].土壤学报,2007,44(6):10831089.
[407]朱志建,姜培坤,徐秋芳.不同森林植被下土壤微生物量碳和易氧化态碳的比较.林业科学研究,2006,19(4):523526.
[408]邹莉,唐庆明,王轶.落叶松、樟子松纯林及混交林土壤微生物的群落分布特征[J].东北林业大学学报,2010,38(11):6364.
[409]Aakala T,Kuuluvainen T,Gauthier S,etal.,Standing dead trees and their decayclass dynamics in thenortheastern boreal oldgrowth forests of Quebec[J].ForestEcology and Management,2008,255:410420.
[410]Abelho M,Cressa C,GracaMAS.Microbial biomass,respiration and decomposition of Hura crepitans L.(Euphorbiaceae)leaves in a tropical stream[J].Biotropica,2005,37:397402.
[411]Adams M B,Campbell R G,Allen H L,etal.,Rootand foliar nutrientconcentrations in loblolly pine:Effects of season,siteand fertilization[J].ForestScience,1987,33:984996.
[412]Adel J,Behnam H,Younes A,etal.,Soil seed banks in theArasbaran proested area of Iran and their significancefor conservation management[J].Biological Conservation,2003,109:425431.
[413]Ågren G I.TheC:N:P stoichiometry of autotrophs―theory and observations[J].Ecology Letters,2004,7:18591.
[414]Ågren G I.Stoichiometry and nutrition of plantgrowth in natural communities[J].Annual Review of Ecology,2008,39(1):153-170.
[415]AlAdamatR,Rawajfih Z,Easter M,etal.,Predicted soil organic carbon stocks and changes in Jordan between 2000 and 2030 madeusing theGEFSOC Modelling System[J].Agriculture,Ecosystems and Environment,2007,122:3545.
[416]Alban D H,Pastor J.Decomposition of aspen,spruceand pineboles on two sites in Minnesota[J].Canadian Journal of ForestResearch,1993,23:17441749.
[417]Alexiadis A.Global warming and human activity:A model for studying thepotential instability of thecarbon dioxide/temperaturefeedback mechanism[J].Ecological Modelling,2007,203:243256.
[418]Allen A S,Schlesinger W H.Nutrientlimitations to soil microbial biomass and activity in loblolly pineforests[J].Soil Biology & Biochemistry,2004,36:581589.
[419]Alam A,Kilpelinen A,Kellomki S.Impacts of thinning on growth,timber production and carbon stocks in Finland under changing climate[J].Scandinavian Journal of ForestResearch,2009,23:501512.
[420]Almagro M,López J,Querejeta J I,etal.,Temperaturedependenceof soil CO2 efflux is strongly modulated by seasonal patterns of moistureavailability in a Mediterranean ecosystem[J].Soil Biology and Biochemistry,2009,41:594605.
[421]Andreza M M,Vera L E.Soil seed banks in tropical forestfragments with differentdisturbancehistories in southeastern Brazil[J].Ecological Engineering,2007,31:165174.
[422]Abella S R,Springer J D.Effects of treecutting and fireon understory vegetation in mixed conifer forests[J].ForestEcology and Management,2015,335:281299.
[423]Alton P B.Reduced carbon sequestration in terrestrial ecosystems under overcastskies compared to clear skies[J].Agricultural and ForestMeteorology,2008,148:16411653.
[424]Amichev B Y,Burger J A,RodrigueJ A.Carbon sequestration by forests and soils on mined land in theMidwestern and Appalachian coalfields of theU.S[J].ForestEcology and Management,2008,256:19491959.
[425]An H,Shangguan Z P.Leaf stoichiometric traitand specific leaf area of dominantspecies in thesecondary succession of theLoess Plateau[J].Ploish Journal of Ecology,2010,58(1):103113.
[426]Asaeda T,NamL H.Effects of rhizomeageon thedecomposition rateof Phragmites australis rhizomes[J].Hydrobiologia,2002,485:205208.
[427]AsertR,Chapin F S.Themineral nutrition of wild plants revisited:A reevaluation of processes and patterns[J].Advances in Ecological Research,1999,30:167.
[428]Atkin OK,Atkinson L J,Fisher R,etal.,Using temperaturedependentchanges in leaf scaling relationships to quantitatively accountfor thermal acclimation of respiration in a coupled global climatevegetation model[J].Global ChangeBiology,2008,14:27092726.
[429]Bååth E,Wallander H.Soil and rhizospheremicroorganisms havethesameQ10 for respiration in a model system[J].Global ChangeBiology,2003,9:17881791.
[430]BadianeNNY,ChotteJ L,PateE,etal.,Useof soil enzymeactivities to monitor soil quality in natural and improved fallows in semiarid tropical regions[J].Applied Soil Ecology,2001,18:229238.
[431]Baeten L,Bauwens B,DeSchrijver A,etal.Herb layer changes(19542000)related to theconversion of coppicewithstandards forestand soil acidification[J].Applied Vegetation Science,2009,12:187197.
[432]Bailey J.D,Tappeiner J.C.Effects of thinning on structural developmentin 40to 100yearold Douglasfir stands in western Oregon[J].ForestEcology and Management,1998,108:99113.
[433]Baker T R,Phillips OL,Martin J,etal.,Low stock s of coarsewoody debris in a southwestAmazonian forest[J].Oecologia,2007,152(3):495504.
[434]Baldwin V C,Peterson K D,Fergusond R B,etal.,Theeffectof spacing and thinning on stand and treecharacteristic of 38yearold loblolly pine[J].ForestEcology and Management,2000,137:91102.
[435]Barbour M M,Farquhar G D,Hanson D T,etal.,A new measurementtechniquereveals temporal variation inδ18 Oof leafrespired CO2[J].Plant,Cell and Environment,2007,30:456468.
[436]Barth R C,Klemmedson J O.Shrubinduced spatial patterns of dry matter,nitrogen and organic carbon[J].Soil ScienceSociety of America Journal,1978,42:804809.
[437]Battles J.J,Shlisky A J,BarrettR H,etal.Theeffects of forestmanagementon plantspecies diversity in a Sierran conifer forest[J].ForestEcology and Management,2001,146:211222.
[438]Bazzaz F A.Thephysiological ecology of plantsuccession[J].Annual Review Ecology System,1979,10:35171.
[439]Bazzaz F A.Physiological ecology of tropical succession:A ComparativeReview.[J]Annual Review Ecology System,1980,11:287310.
[440]Behera N,Joshi S K,Pati D P.Rootcontribution to total soil metabolism in a tropical forestsoil from Orissa.[J]India Forestry Ecology Management,1990,6:125134.
[441]Beier C,EmmettB A,Peuelas J,etal.Carbon and nitrogen cycles in European ecosystems respond differently to global warming.[J]Scienceof TheTotal Environment,2008,407:692697.
[442]Beilman D W,VittD H,Bhatti J S,etal.Peatcarbon stocks in thesouthern MackenzieRiver Basin:uncertainties revealed in a highresolution casestudy[J].Global ChangeBiology,2008,14:12211232.
[443]Bekkua Y S,Nakatsubo T,Kumec A,etal.,Effectof warming on thetemperaturedependenceof soil respiration ratein arctic,temperateand tropical soils[J].Applied Soil Ecology,2003,22:205210.
[444]Bentson G M,Bazzaz F A.Belowground positiveand negativefeedbacks on CO2 growth enrichment[J].Plantand Soil187,1996:119131.
[445]Berger T W,Neubauer C,Glatzel G.Factors controlling soil carbon and nitrogen stores in purestands of Norway spruce(Picea abies)and mixed species stands in Austria[J].ForestEcology and Management,2002,159:314.
[446]Bernoux M,Arrouays D,Cerrir C C,etal.,Modeling vertical distribution of carbon in oxisols of thewestern Brazilian amazon(RONDONIA).[J]Soil Science,1998,163:941951.
[447]BertD,Danjon F.Carbon concentration variations in theroots,stem and crown of maturePinus pinaster(Ait.)[J].ForestEcology and Management,2006,222:279295.
[448]BlankeM M,BarrittB H,Kappel F.Contribution of soil respiration to thecarbon balanceof an appleorchard[J].Acta Hort,1997,451:337341.
[449]BoernerREJ,Huang J J,HartS C.Fire,thinning,and thecarbon economy:Effects of fireand firesurrogatetreatments on estimated carbon storageand sequestration rate[J].ForestEcology and Management,2008,255:30813097.
[450]BoernerREJ,Waldrop T A,ShelburneV B.Wildriremitigation strategies affectsoil enzymeactivity and soil organic carbon in loblolly pine(Pinus taeda)forests[J].Canadian Journal of ForestResearch,2006,36:31483154.
[451]Bolinder M A,Andrén O,Kätterer T,etal.,Soil carbon dynamics in Canadian Agricultural Ecoregions:Quantifying climatic influenceon soil biological activity[J].Agriculture,Ecosystems and Environment,2007,122:461470.
[452]Bonan G B.Physiological controls of thecarbon balanceof boreal forestecosystems[J].Canada Journal of ForestResearch,1993,23:14531471.
[453]BonetJ.A.,deMiguel S.,Martínez deAragón J,etal.Immediateeffectof thinning on theyield of Lactarius group deliciosus in Pinus pinaster forests in Northeastern Spain.[J]ForestEcology and Management,2012,265:211217.
[454]BondlambertY B,Wang C,Gower S T.Annual carbon flux from woody debris f or aboreal black sprucefirechronosequence[J].Journal of Geophysical Research,2002,107:82208228.
[455]Boo K S,Yang J P.Kairomones used by Trichogramma chilonis to find Helicoverpa assulta Eggs[J].Journal of Chemical Ecology,2000,26:359375.
[456]Borken W,Xu YJ,Davision E.A.,etal.,Siteand temporal variation of soil respiration in European beech,Norway spruce,and Scots pineforests[J].Global ChangeBiology,2002,8:12051216.
[457]Bowden R D,Nadelhoffer K J,BooneR D,etal.,Contributions of aboveground litter,below ground litter,and rootrespiration in a temperatemixed hardwood fores[J].Canada Journal of ForestResearch,1993,23:14021407.
[458]BraakhekkeW G,HooftmanDAP.Theresourcebalancehypothesis of plantspecies diversity in grassland[J].Journal of Vegetation Science,1999,10:197200.
[459]Brand G J,Smith W B.Evaluating allometric shrub biomass equations fitto generated data[J].Canada Journal of Botany,1985,63(1):6467.
[460]Brian K,Rick L,Dan S L.Soil phosphorus and potassium mapping using a spatial correlation model incorporating terrain slopegradient[J].Precision Agriculture,2002,3(4):407417.
[461]Brais S,Sadi F,Bergeron Y,etal.,Coarsewoody debris dynamics in a postfirejack pinechronosequenceand its relation with siteproductivity[J].ForestEcology and Management,2005,220:216226.
[462]Brooks P D,Mc KnightD,Elder K.Carbon limitation of soil respiration under winter snowpacks:potential feedbacks between growing season and winter carbon fluxes[J].Global ChangeBiology,2004,11:231238.
[463]Bruhn D,EgertonJJG,Loveys B R,etal.,Evergreen leaf respiration acclimates to longterm nocturnal warming under field conditions[J].Global ChangeBiology,2007,13:12161223.
[464]Burford J R,Bremner J M.Relationships between thedenitrification capacities of soils and total watersolubleand readily decomposablesoil organic matter[J].Soil Biology and Biochemistry,1975,7:389394.
[465]Burger J A,Kelting D L.Using soil quality indicators to assess foreststand management[J].ForestEcology and Management,1999,122:155166.
[466]Campbell J,Alberti G,Martin J.Carbon dynamics of a ponderosa pineplantation following a thinning treatmentin thenorthern Sierra Nevada[J].ForestEcology and Management,2009,257:453463.
[467]Campbell B D,GrimeJ P.A comparativestudy of plantresponsiveness to theduration of episodes of mineral nutrientenrichment[J].New Phytology,1989,112:262267.
[468]Campbell L,LaroqueC.Decay progression and classification in two oldgrowth forests in Atlantic Canada[J].ForestEcology and Management,2007,238:293301.
[469]Carmona M R,Armesto JJ,Aravena J C,etal.,Coarsewoody debris biomass in successional and primary temperateforests in ChiloéIsland,Chile[J].ForestEcology and Management,2002,164:265275.
[470]CarpenterBoggs L,Stahl P D,Lindstrom M J,etal.,Soil microbial properties under permanentgrass,conventional tillage,and notill managementin South Dakota[J].Soil& TillageResearch,2003,71:1523.
[471]Cao M,Woodward F I,Netprimary and ecosystem production and carbon stocks of terrestrial ecosystems and their responseto climatechange[J].Global ChangeBiology,1998,4:185198.
[472]Cao M K,Wood ward F I.Dynamic responses of terrestrial ecosystem carbon cycling to global climatechange[J].Nature,2002,393:249252.
[473]Cardon Z G.Influenceof rhizodeposition under elevated CO2 on plantnutrition and soil organic matter[J].Plantand Soil,1996,187:277288.
[474]Carmean W H.ForestsiteQuality Evaluation in theUnited States[M].Academic Press,1975.
[475]Cassidy M,Palmer G,Glencross K,etal.,Intensity of thinning affects log sizeand valuein Eucalyptus pilularis[J].ForestEcology and Management,2012,264:220227.
[476]Cernusak L A,Hutley L B,Beringer J,etal.,Stem and leaf gas exchangeand their responses to firein a north Australian tropical savanna[J].Plant,Cell and Environment,2006,29:632646.
[477]Chambers J,Higuchi N,Schimel J,etal.,Decomposition and carbon cycling of dead trees in tropical forests of thecentral Amazon[J].Oecologia,2000,122:380388.
[478]Chambers J,Schimel J.Respiration from coarsewood litter in central Amazon forests[J].Biogeochemistry,2001,52:115131.
[479]Chang S C,Tseng H H,Hsia Y J,etal.,Soil respiration in a subtropical montanecloud forestin Taiwan[J].Agricultural and ForestMeteorology,2008,148:788798.
[480]Chapin F S,Matson P A,Mooney H.A.Principles of Terrestrial Ecosystem Ecology[M].New York:SpringerVerlag,2002.
[481]Chen H,Harmon M E.Dynamic study of coarsewoody debris in temperateforestecosystems[J].ChineseJournal of Applied Ecology,1992,3:99104.
[482]Chen J,Chen W J,Liu,J,etal.,Annual carbon balanceof Canada's forests during 18951996[J].Global Biogeochemistry Cycles,2000,14:839849.
[483]Chen Y H,Han W X,Tang L Y,etal.,Leaf nitrogen and phosphorus concentrations of woody plants differ in responses to climate,soil and plantgrowth form[J].Ecography,2013,36:178184.
[484]Cheng D L,Li T,Zhong QL,Wang G X.Scaling relationship between treerespiration rates and biomass[J].Biology Letters,2010,6:715717.
[485]Chiang J M,McEwan R W,Yaussy D A,etal.,Theeffects of prescribed fireand silvicultural thinning on theaboveground carbon stocks and netprimary production of overstory trees in an oakhickory ecosystem in southern Ohio[J].ForestEcology and Management,2008,255:15841594.
[486]Choi S D,Chang Y S,Park B K.Increasein carbon emissions from forestfires after intensivereforestation and forestmanagementprograms[J].Scienceof theTotal Environment,2006,372:225235.
[487]Christopher N,Maira OB,Richard M,etal.,Distribution,species composition and managementimplications of seed banks in southern New England coastal plain ponds[J].Biological Conservation,2009,142:13501361.
[488]Clark D B,Clark D A,Brown S,etal.,Stocks and flows of coarsewoody debris across a tropical rain forestnutrientand topography gradient[J].ForestEcology and Management,2002,164:237248.
[489]Coleman D C,RcidCPP,ColeC.Biological strategies of nutrientcycling in soil systems[J].Advances in Ecological Research,1983,13:155.
[490]Collins B M,Moghaddas JJ,Stephens S L.Initial changes in foreststructureand understory plantcommunities following fuel reduction activities in a Sierra Nevada mixed conifer forest[J].ForestEcology and Management,2007,239:102111.
[491]Conanta R T,DallaBettab P,Klopatek C C,etal.Controls on soil respiration in semiarid soils[J].Soil Biology& Biochemistry,2004,36:945951.
[492]Concilio A,Ma S,Li Q,etal.,Soil respiration responseto prescribed burning and thinning in mixed conifer and hardwood forests[J].Canadian Journal of ForestResearch,2005,35:8290.
[493]Cook F J,Orchard V A.Relationships between soil respiration and soil moisture.[J]Soil Biology&Biochemistry,2008,40:10131018.
[494]Cropper W P,Ewel K C,Raich J W.Themeasurementof soil CO2 evolution in situ[J].Pedobiologia,1985,28:3540.
[495]Davidson E A,Belk E,BooneR D.Soil water contentand temperatureas independentor confounded factors controlling soil respiration in a temperatemixed hardwood forest[J].Global ChangeBiology,1998,4:217227.
[496]Davidson E A,VerchotL V,Cattânio J H,etal.,Effects of soil water contenton soil respiration in forests and cattlepastures of eastern Amazonia[J].Biogeochemistry,2000,48:5369.
[497]Descheemaeker K,Muys B,Nyssen J,etal.,Litter production and organic matter accumulation in exclosures of theTigray highlands,Ethiopia[J].ForestEcology and Management,2006,233:2135.
[498]Diochon A,Kellman L,Beltrami H.Looking deeper:An investigation of soil carbon losses following harvesting from a managed northeastern red spruce(Picea rubens Sarg.)forestchronosequence[J].ForestEcology and Management,2009,257:413420.
[499]Dixon R K.,Brown S.Houghtonn R A,etal.,Carbon pool and flux of global forestecosystem[J].Science,1994,263:185193.
[500]Dobbertin M,Baltensweiler A,Rigling D.Treemortality in an unmanaged mountain pine(Pinus mugo var.uncinata)stand in theSwiss National Park impacted by rootrotfungi[J].ForestEcology and Management,2001,145:7989.
[501]Doerr J G,Sandburg N H,Effects of precommercial thinning on understory vegetation and deer habitatutilization on Big Level Island in SoutheastAlaska[J].ForestScience,1986,32:10921095.
[502]Don A,Kalbitz K.Amounts and degradability of dissolved organic carbon from foliar litter atdifferentdecomposition stages[J].Soil Biology& Biochemistry,2005,37:21712179.
[503]Dodson E K,Peterson D W,Harrod R.J.Understory vegetation responseto thinning and burning restoration treatments in dry conifer forests of theeastern Cascades,USA[J].ForestEcology and Management,2008,255:31303140.
[504]Dowell R C,Gibbins D,Rhoads J L,etal.,Biomass production physiology and soil carbon dynamics in shortrotationgrown Populus deltoides and P.deltoids×P.nigra hybrids[J].ForestEcology and Management,2009,257:134142.
[505]Duguid M.C,Ashton M S.A metaanalysis of theeffectof forestmanagementfor timber on understory plantspecies diversity in temperateforests[J].ForestEcology and Management,2013,303:8190.
[506]Edwards N T,Hanson P J.Stem respiration in a closed canopy upland[J].Treephysiology,1996,16:433439.
[507]Egbäck S,Liziniewicz M,Högberg K A,etal.,Influenceof progeny and initial stand density on growth and quality traits of 21 year old halfsib Scots pine(Pinus sylvestris L.)[J].ForestEcology and Management,2012,286:17.
[508]Elberling B.Annual soil CO2 effluxes in thehigh Arctic:Theroleof snow thickness and vegetation type[J].Soil Biology&Biochemistry,2007,39:646654.
[509]Ellison A M.NutrientLimitation and Stoichiometry of Carnivorous Plants[J].PlantBiology,2006,8:740747.
[510]Elser J J,Acharya K,KyleM,etal.,Growth ratestoichiometry couplings in diversebiota[J].Ecology Letters,2003,6:936943.
[511]Elser J J,Fagan W F,Kerkhoff A J,etal.,Biological stoichiometry of plantproduction:metabolism,scaling and ecological responseto global change[J].New Phytologist,2010,186:593608.
[512]Elser J J,Sterner R W,Gorokhova E,etal.,Biological stoichiometry from genes to ecosystems[J].Ecology Letters,2000,3:540550.
[513]Elser J J,Hamilton A.Stoichiometry and thenew biology:thefutureis now.PLoS Biology,2007,5:14031405.
[514]Epron D,FarqueL,LucotE,etal.,Soil CO2 efflux in a beech forest:thecontribution of rootrespiration[J].Annals Forestry Science,1999,56:289295.
[515]Epron D,Nagao J,Grainer A.Interannual variation of soil respiration in a beach forestecosystem over a six year study[J].Annals of ForestScience,2004,61:499505.
[516]EverettR A,Ruiz G A.Coarsewoody debris as a refugefrom predation in aquatic communitiesan experimental test[J].Oecologia,1993,93:475486.
[517]EycottA E,Watkinson A R.,Dolman,P.M.Ecological patterns of plantdiversity in a plantation forestmanaged by clear felling[J].Journal of Applied Ecology,2006,43:11601171.
[518]Fahey T J.Nutrientdynamics of aboveground detritus in lodgepolepine(Pinus contorta ssp.latifolia)ecosystems,southeastern Wyoming[J].Ecological Monographs,1983,53:5172.
[519]Falk M,Paw U KT,Wharton S,etal.,Is soil respiration a major contributor to thecarbon budgetwithin a Pacific Northwestoldgrowth forest?[J].Agricultural and ForestMeteorology,2005,135:269283.
[520]Fang C,Moncrieff J B.A model for soil CO2 production and transport1:Model development[J].Agricultural and ForestMeteorology,1999,95:225236.
[521]Fang C,Moncrieff J B,Gholz H L,etal.,Soil CO2 efflux and its spatial variation in a Florida slash pineplantation[J].Plantand Soil,1998,205:135146.
[522]Fang J Y.Forestproductivity in China and its responseto global climatechange[J].Acta Phytoecologica Sinica,2000,24:513517.
[523]Fang J Y,Wang G.G.,Liu G H,etal.,Forestbiomass of China:an estimatebased on thebiomassvolumerelationship[J].Ecological Applications,1998,8:10841091.
[524]Fang J Y,Wang X K.Measurementof respiration of Betula phtyphylla community in Beijing[J].China Journal of Environmental Science,1995,7:391398.
[525]Fang J Y,Chen Y A,Peng C,etal.,Changes in forestbiomass carbon storagein China between 1949 and 1998[J].Science,2001,292:23202332.
[526]Falloon P,Smith P,Bradley R I,etal.,Roth CUKa dynamic modelling system for estimating changes in soil C from mineral soils at1 km resolution in theUK[J].Soil Useand Management,2006,22:274288.
[527]Fettweis U,Bens O,Hüttl R F.Accumulation and properties of soil organic carbon atreclaimed sites in theLusatian lignitemining districtafforested with Pinus sp[J].Geoderma,2005,129:8191.
[528]Finkral A J,Evans A M.Theeffects of a thinning treatmenton carbon stocks in a northern Arizona ponderosa pineforest[J].ForestEcology and Management,2008,255:27432750.
[529]Fitter A H,Self G K,Wolfenden J,etal.,Rootproduction and mortality under elevated atmospheric carbon dioxide[J].Plantand Soil,1996,10:297305.
[530]Formánek P,VranováV.Theeffectof sprucestand thinning on biological activity in soil[J].Journal of forestscience,2003,49:523530.
[531]Frank A B.Carbon dioxidefluxes over a grazed prairieand seeded pasturein theNorthern GreatPlains[J].Environmental Pollution,2002,116:397403.
[532]Franzmeier D P,LermmeG D,Miles R J.Organic carbon in soils of North Central United States[J].American Journal of Soil ScienceSociety,1985,49:702708.
[533]Fredeen A L,Waughtal J D,Pypker T G.When do replanted subboreal clearcuts becomenetsinks for CO2[J].ForestEcology and Management,2007,239:210216.
[534]Frberg M,Berggren D,BergkvistB,etal.,Concentration and fluxes of dissolved organic carbon(DOC)in threeNorway sprucestands along a climatic gradientin Sweden[J].Biogeochemistry,2006,77:123.
[535]Frberg M,Kleja B D,Hagedorn F.Thecontribution of fresh litter to dissolved organic carbon leached from a coniferous forestfloor[J].European Journal of Soil Science,2007,58:108114.
[536]FuléP Z,Laughlin D C,Covington W W.Pineoak forestdynamics fiveyears after ecological restoration treatments,Arizona,USA[J].ForestEcology and Management,2005,218:129145.
[537]Gaboury S,Boucher JF,VilleneuveC,etal.,Estimating thenetcarbon balanceof boreal open woodland afforestation:A casestudy in Quebec's closedcrown boreal forest[J].ForestEcology and Management,2009,257:483494.
[538]Gao J,Epron D.,BrechetC.,etal.,Estimating thecontribution of leaf litter decomposition to soil CO2 efflux in a beech forestusing 13Cdepleted litter[J].Global ChangeBiology,2005,11:17681776.
[539]GarrettL,Davis M,Oliver G.Decomposition of coarsewoody debris,and methods for determining decay rates[J].New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science,2007,37:227240.
[540]GarrettL.G.,Oliver G R.,PearceS H,etal.,Decomposition of Pinus radiata coarsewoody debris in New Zealand[J].ForestEcology and Management,2008,255:38393845.
[541]GaumontGuay D,Black T A,Griffs T J,etal.,Influenceof temperatureand droughton seasonal and interannual variations of soil,boleand ecosystem respiration in a boreal aspen stand[J].Agricultural and ForestMeteorology,2006,140:203219.
[542]Gehring C,Park S,Denich M.Liana allometric biomass equations for Amazonian primary and secondary forest[J].ForestEcology and Management,2004,195:6983.
[543]Geng Y Q,Dighton J,Gray D.Theeffects of thinning and soil disturbanceon enzymeactivities under pitch pinesoil in New Jersey Pinelands[J].Applied Soil Ecology,2012,62:17.
[544]Geng Y Q,Yu X X,YueY J,etal.,Activeorganic carbon pool of coniferous and broadleaved forestsoils in themountainous areas of Beijing[J].Forestry Studies in China,2009,11:225230.
[545]Giai C,BoernerREJ.Effects of ecological restoration on microbial activity,microbial functional diversity,and soil organic matter in mixedoak forests of southern Ohio,USA[J].Applied Soil Ecology,2007,35:281290.
[546]Giardina C P,Binklev D,Ryan M G,etal.,Belowground carbon cycling in a humid tropical forestdecreases with fertilization[J].Oecologia,2004,139:545550.
[547]Gilliam F S,Turrill N L,Adams M B.Herbaceous layer and over story species in clear cutand central Appalachian hard wood forest[J].Ecology Applications,1995,5:947955.
[548]Gilmanov T G,Johnson D A,Saliendra N Z,etal.,Winter CO2 fluxes abovesagebrushsteppeecosystems in Idaho and Oregon[J].Agricultural and ForestMeteorology,2004,126:7388.
[549]Girmay G,Singh B R,Mitiku H,etal.,Carbon stocks in ethiopian soils in relation to land useand soil management[J].Land Degradation& Development,2008,19:351367.
[550]Griffis K L,Crawford J A,Wagner M R,etal.Understory responseto managementtreatments in northern Arizona ponderosa pineforests[J].ForestEcology and Management,2001,146:239245.
[551]Golubyatnikov L L,Svirezhev Y M.Lifecyclemodel of terrestrial carbon exchange[J].Ecological Modelling,2008,213:202208.
[552]GoodaleC L,Davidson E A.Carbon cycle:uncertain sinks in theshrubs[J].Nature,2002,418:593594.
[553]Geisseler D,Joergensen R G,Ludwig B.Potential soil enzymeactivities aredecoupled from microbial activity in dry residueamended soil[J].Pedobiologia,2012,55:253261.
[554]Gorgan P,Matthews R.,A modeling analysis of thepotential for soil carbon sequestration under shortrotation coppicewillow bioenergy plantations[J].Soil UseManagment,2002,18:175183.
[555]Grayston S J,Rennenberg H.Assessing effects of forestmanagementon microbial community structurein a central European beech forest.Canadian Journal of ForestResearch,2006,36:25952604.
[556]Guggenberger G,Rodionov A J,Shibistova O,etal.,Storageand mobility of black carbon in permafrostsoils of theforesttundra ecotonein Northern Siberia[J].Global ChangeBiology,2008,14:13671381.
[557]GundaleM J,Deluca T H,Fiedler C E,etal.,Restoration treatments in a Montana ponderosa pineforest:effects on soil physical,chemical,and biological properties[J].ForestEcology and Management,2005,213:2538.
[558]Gurney K.R.,Law R.M.,Denning A.S.,etal.,Towards robustregional estimates of CO2 sources and sinks using atmospheric transportmodels[J].Nature,2002,415:626630.
[559]Güsewell S.N:P ratios in terrestrial plants:variation and functional significance[J].New Phytologist,2004,164:243266.
[560]Hairiah K,Sulistyani H,Suprayogo D,etal.,Litter layer residencetimein forestand coffeeagroforestry systems in Sumberjaya,WestLampung[J].ForestEcology and Management,2006,224:4557.
[561]Hall M C,Stiling P.,HungateB A,etal.,Effects of elevated CO2 and herbivoredamageon litter quality in a scrub oak ecosystem[J].Journal of Chemical Ecology,2005,31:23432356.
[562]Han G,Zhou G,Xu Z,etal.,Biotic and abiotic factors controlling thespatial and temporal variation of soil respiration in an agricultural ecosystem[J].Soil Biology and Biochemistry,2007,39:418425.
[563]Han W X,Fang J Y,Guo D L,Zhang Y,Reich P B.Leaf nitrogen and phosphorus stochiometry across 753 terrestrial plantspecies in China[J].New Physiologist,2005,168:377385.
[564]Han W X,Fang J Y,Reich P B,etal.,Biogeography and variability of eleven mineral elements in plantleaves across gradients of climate,soil and plantfunctional typein China[J].Ecology Letters,2011,14:788796.
[565]Hanson P J,Edwards N T,Garten C T,etal.,Special Issue.Controls on soil respiration:implications for climatechange:separating rootand microbial contributions to soil respiration:a review of methods and observations[J].Biochemistry,2000,48:115146.
[566]Harmon M E,Sexton J.Guidelines for measurements of woody debris in forestecosystems[M].SeattleWashington:US LTE R Publication,1996.
[567]Harmon M E,Franklin J F,Swanson F J,etal.,Ecology of coarsewoody debris in temperateKenyan long term experimental datasets[M].Agriculture,Ecosystems and Environment,1986,122:95104.
[568]HarpoleS W,Ngai J T,Cleland E E,etal.,Nutrientcolimitation of primary producer communities[J].Ecology Letters,2011,14:852-862.
[569]Harrison A F,Taylor K,ScottA,etal.Potential effects of climatechangeon DOC releasefrom threedifferentsoil types on theNorthern Pennines UK:examination using field manipulation experiments[J].Global ChangeBiology,2008,14:687702.
[570]Harrison K G,Broccker W S,Bonani G.A strategy for estimating theimpactof CO2 fertilization on soil carbon storage[J].Global Biogeochemistry Cycles,1993,7:6980.
[571]Harris N L,HallCAS,Lugo A E.Estimates of species and ecosystem level respiration of woody stems along an elevational gradientin theLuquillo Mountains,Puerto Rico[J].Ecological Modelling,2008,216:253264.
[572]Hartley I P,Armstrong A F,Murthy R,etal.,Thedependenceof respiration on photosynthetic substratesupply and temperature:integrating leaf,soil and ecosystem measurements[J].Global ChangeBiology,2006,12:19541968.
[573]Hashimoto S.A simpletechniqueto analyzea small volumeof soil CO2 gas using an infrared gas analyzer[J].Soil Biology&Biochemistry,2002,34:273275.
[574]HasseR,HasseP.Aboveground biomass estimates for invasivetrees and shrubs in thePantanal of Mato Grosso,Brazil[J].ForestEcology and Management,1995,73:2935.
[575]Hautala H,JaloneN J,Laaka Lindberg S,etal.,Im pacts of retention felling on coarsewoody debris(CWD)in matureboreal spruceforests in Finland[J].Biodiversity and Conservation,2004,13(8):15411554.
[576]HeJ S,Fang J Y,Wang Z H,etal.,Stoichiometry and largescalepattens of leaf carbon and nirtogen in thegrassland biomes of China[J].Oecologia,2006,149:115122.
[577]HeJ S,Wang L,FlynnDFB,Wang X P,etal.,Leaf nitrogen:phosphorus stoichiometry across Chinesegrassland biomes[J].Oecologia,2008,155:301310.
[578]HendricksonNBand Edwards C A.Earthworm effects on respiratory activity in dunesystem[J].Soil Biochemistry,1997,29:347351.
[579]HerbertD A,Williams M,Rastetter E B.A model analysis of N and P limitation on carbon accumulation in Amazonian secondary forestafter alternatelanduseabandonment[J].Biogeochemisty,2003,65:121150.
[580]Hessen D O,Ågren G I,Anderson T R,Elser J J,Ruiter P C.Carbon sequestration in ecosystems:theroleof stoichiometry[J].Ecology,2004,85:11791192.
[581]Hickler T,Smith B,PrenticeI C,etal.,CO2 fertilization in temperateFACE experiments notrepresentativeof boreal and tropical forests[J].Global ChangeBiology,2008,14:15311542.
[582]Hill M O.,Diversity and evenness:a unifying notation and its consequences.Ecology,1973,54:427431.
[583]Hirata R H,Saigusa N,Yamamoto S,etal.,Spatial distribution of carbon balancein forestecosystems across EastAsia[J].Agricultural and ForestMeteorology,2008,148:761775.
[584]Hberg P,Nordgren A,Buchumann N,etal.,Largescaleforestgirdling shows thatcurrentphotosynthesis drives soil respiration[J].Nature,2001,411:789792.
[585]HoekJVD,Ozdogan M,Burnicki A,etal.,Evaluating forestpolicy implementation effectiveness with a crossscaleremotesensing analysis in a priority conservation area of SouthwestChina[J].Applied Geography,2014,47:177189.
[586]HolmesWEand Zak D R.Soil microbial biomass and netnitrogen mineralization in northern hardwood ecosystems[J].Soil ScienceSociety of America Journal,1993,57:16161622.
[587]Hooker T D,Stark J M.Soil C and N cycling in threesemiarid vegetation types:Responseto an in situ pulseof plantdetritus[J].Soil Biology& Biochemistry,2008,40:26782685.
[588]Homyack J A,Harrison D J,Krohn W B.Long term effects of precommercial thinning on small mammals in northern Maine[J].ForestEcology and Management,2005,205:4357.
[589]Horwath W R,Pregitzer K S,Paul E A.14C allocation in treesoil systems[J].TreePhysiology,1994:11631176.
[590]Hou L,Xi W M,Zhang S X.Effectof understory on a natural secondary forestecosystem carbon budget[J].Russian Journal of Ecology,2015,46:5158.
[591]Houghton R.A.Aboveground ForestBiomass and theGlobal Carbon Balance[J].Global ChangeBiology,2005,11:945958.
[592]Houghton R A,Davidson E A,Woodwell G M.,Missing sinks,feedbacks,and understanding theroleof terrestrial ecosystems in theglobal carbon balance[J].Global Biogeochemistry and Cycles,1998,12:2534.
[593]Houghton R A,Hackler J L,Law renceK T.TheU.S.carbon budget:contributions from landusechange[J].Science,1999,285:574578.
[594]Houghton R A,SkoleD L,NobreC A.Annual fluxes of carbon from deforestation and regrowth in theBrazilian Amazon[J].Nature,2000,403:301304.
[595]Hubbard R M,Ryan M G,Kelly E,etal.,Seasonal patterns in soil surfaceCO2 flux under snow cover in 50 and 300year old subalpineforests[J].Biogeochemistry,2005,73:93107.
[596]Huffman D W,MooreM M.Responses of Fendler ceanothus to over story thinning,prescribed fire,and droughtin an Arizonaponderosa pineforest[J].ForestEcology and Management,2004,198:105115.
[597]HungateB A,Holland E A,Jackson R B,etal.,Thefateof carbon in grasslands under carbon dioxideenrichment[J].Nature,1997,388:576579.
[598]HyattL A,Casper B B.Seed bank formation during early secondary succession in a temperatedeciduous forest.Journal of Ecology,2000,88:516527.
[599]IPCC.Land use,land usechangeand forestry.Special reportof Intergovermental Panel on ClimateChange[M].Cambridge:CambridgeUniversity Press,2000.
[600]Jassal R S,Black T A,Cai T B,etal.,Components of ecosystem respiration and an estimateof netprimary productivity of an intermediateaged Douglasfir stand[J].Agricultural and ForestMeteorology,2007,144:4457.
[601]Jandl R,Lindner M,Vesterdal L,etal.,How strongly forestmanagementinfluencesoil carbon sequestration[J].Geoderma,2007,137:253268.
[602]Janssens V A,DoreS,Epron D,etal.,Climatic influences on seasonal and spatial differences in soil CO2 efflux.In:Valentini R,ed.Canopy Fluxes of Energy,Water and Carbon Dioxideof European Forests[M].Berlin:Springer,2003.
[603]Janssens V A,Pilegaard K.Largeseasonal changes in Q10 of soil respiration in a beech forest[J].Global ChangeBiology,2003,9:911918.
[604]Jia B,Zhou G,Wang F,etal.,Effects of temperatureand soil watercontenton soil respiration of grazed and ungrazed Leymus chinensis steppes,Inner Mongolia.[J]Journal of Arid Environments,2006,67:6076.
[605]Jia B,Zhou G.Integrated diurnal soil respiration model during growing season of a typical temperatesteppe:Effects of temperature,soil water contentand biomass production[J].Soil Biology and Biochemistry,2009,41:681686.
[606]Jobbagy E G,Jackson R B.Thevertical distribution of soil organic carbon and its relation to climateand vegetation[J].Ecological applications,2002,10:423436.
[607]Johnson D,Geisinger D,Walker R,etal.,Soil CO2,soil respiration,and rootactivity CO2 fumigated and nitrogen fertilized ponderosa pine[J].Plant&soil,1994,165:129138.
[608]Johnston J M,Crossley D A.Thesignificanceof coarsewoody debris for thediversity of soil mites//Mcminn J W,Crossley D A.Proceedings of theworkshop on coarsewoody debris in southern Forests:Effects on Biodiversity[M].USDA Fores tserviceAthens GA,1996.
[609]Jomura M,Yuji K,Masako D,etal.,Spatial variation in respiration from coarsewoody debris in a temperatesecondary broad leaved forestin Japan[J].ForestEcology and Management,2008,255:149155.
[610]Julian J.C.Dawson,PeteSmith.Carbon losses from soil and its consequences for landuseManagement[J].Scienceof theTotal Environment,2007,382:165190.
[611]Jules M.J,Sawyer J O,Jules E S.Assessing therelationships between stand developmentand understory vegetation usinga 420 year chronosequence[J].ForestEcology and Management,2008,255:23842393.
[612]Jurgensen M,Tarpey R,Pickens J.Longterm effectof silvicultural thinnings on soil carbon and nitrogen pools[J].Soil ScienceSociety of America Journal,2011,76:14181425.
[613]Kallbekken S,Flottorp L S,Nathan R.CDM baselineapproaches and carbon leakage[J].Energy Policy 35:41544163.
[614]Kaiser C,Koranda M,Kitzler B,etal.,Belowground carbon allocation by trees drives seasonal patterns of extracellular enzymeactivities by altering microbial community composition in a beech forestsoil[J].New Physiologist,2010,187:843858.
[615]Kalbitz K,Solinger S,Park J H,etal.,Controls on thedynamics of dissolved organic matter in soil:a review[J].Soil Science,2000,165:277304.
[616]Kandeler E,Tscherko D,Spiegel H.Long Term Monitoring of Microbial Biomass,N Mineralization and EnzymeActivities of a Chernozem Under DifferentTillageManagement[J].Biology and Fertility of Soils,1999,28:343351.
[617]Kang H Z,Zhuang H L,Wu L L,etal.,Variation in leaf nitrogen and phosphorus stoichiometry in Picea abies across Europe:An analysis based on local observations[J].ForestEcology and Management,2011,61:195202.
[618]Karimi R,FoltC L.Beyond macronutrients:elementvariability and multielementstoichiometry in freshwater invertebrates[J].Ecology letters,2006,9:12731283.
[619]Kaspari M,Garcia M N,Harms K E,etal.,Multiplenutrients limitlitterfall and decomposition in a tropical forest[J].Ecology Letters,2008,11:3543.
[620]Kappes H,Catalano C,Topp W.Coarsewoody debris ameliorates chemical and biotic soil parameters of acidified broad leaved forests[J].Applied Soil Ecology,2007,36:190198.
[621]Keeling H C,Phillips OL,Theglobal relationship between forestproductivity and biomass[J].Global Ecology and Biogeography,2007,16:618631.
[622]Keith H,Leuning R,Jacobsen K L,etal.,Multiplemeasurements constrain estimates of netcarbon exchangeby a Eucalyptus forest[J].Agricultural and ForestMeteorology,2009,149:535558.
[623]Keyser A R,Kimball J S,Nemani R R,etal.,Simulating theeffects of climatechangeon thecarbon balanceof North American highlatitudeforests[J].Global ChangeBiology,2000,6(Suppl.1),185195.
[624]Khomik M,Arain M A,McCaughey J H.Temporal and spatial variability of soil respiration in a boreal mixedwood forest[J].Agricultural and ForestMeteorology,2006,140:244256.
[625]Kim C.Soil CO2 efflux in clearcutand uncutred pine(Pinus densiflora S.et.Z.)stands in Korea[J].ForestEcology and Management,2008,255:33183321.
[626]Kim C,Son Y,LeeW K,etal.,Influences of foresttending works on carbon distribution and cycling in a Pinus densiflora S.etZ.stand in Korea[J].ForestEcology and Management,2009,257:14201426.
[627]Kim M H,NakaneK.Effects of flow rateand chamber position on measurementof stem respiration ratewith an open flow system in a Japanesered pine[J].ForestEcology and Management,2005,210:469476.
[628]Kim M H,NakaneK,LeeJ T,etal.,Stem/branch maintenancerespiration of Japanesered pinestand[J].ForestEcology and Management,2007,243:283290.
[629]Kim R H,Son Y,Lim J H,etal.,Coarsewoody debris mass and nutrients in forestecosystems of Korea[J].Ecological Research,2006,21:819827.
[630]Kinmins J P.Forestecology.New York Macmillian KirschbaumMUF.1995.Thetemperaturedependenceof soil organic matter decomposition,and theeffectof global warming on soil organic C storage[J].Soil Biology and Biochemistry,1987,27:753760.
[631]Konda R,Ohta S,Ishizuka S,etal.,Spatial structures of N2 O,CO2,and CH 4 fluxes from Acacia mangium plantation soils during a relatively dry season in Indonesia[J].Soil Biology and Biochemistry,2008,40:30213030.
[632]Knohl A,KolleO,Minayeva T Y,etal.,Carbon dioxideexchangeof a Russian boreal forestafter disturbanceby wind throw[J].Global ChangeBiology,2002,8:231246.
[633]Kramer P J.Carbon dioxideconcentration,photosynthesis,and dry matter production[J].BioScience,1981,31:2933.
[634]Korner C,Diemer M,Schappib,etal.,Theresponses of alpinegrassland to four seasons of CO2 enrichment:a synthesis.Acta Oecologica,1997,18:135175.
[635]Kump L R.Reducing uncertainty aboutcarbon dioxideas a climatedriver[J].Nature,2002,419:188190.
[636]Lal R.Longterm tillageand maizemonocultureeffects on a tropical Alisol in western Nigeria.Ⅱ.Soil chemical properties[J].Soil& TillageResearch,1997,42:161174.
[637]Laiho R,PrescottC E.Thecontribution of coarsewoody debris to carbon,nitrogen,and phosphorus cycles in threeRocky Mountain coniferous forests[J].Canadian Journal of ForestResearch,1999,29:15921603.
[638]LaporteM F,DuchesneL C,Morrison I K.Effectof clearcutting,selection cutting,shelterwood cutting and microsites on soil surfaceCO2 efflux in a toleranthardwood ecosystem of northern Ontario[J].ForestEcology and Management,2003,174:565575.
[639]LeeM S,NakaneK,Nakatsubo T,etal.,Seasonal changes in thecontribution of rootrespiration in a cooltemperatedeciduous forest.Plantand Soil,2003,255:311318.
[640]Lemma B,Kleja D B,Olsson M,etal.,Factors controlling soil organic carbon sequestration under exotic treeplantations:A casestudy using theCO2 Fix model in southwestern Ethiopia[J].ForestEcology and Management,2007,252:124131.
[641]Li H J,YanJJX,YueX F,etal.,Significanceof soil temperatureand moisturefor soil respiration in a Chinesemountain area[J].Agricultural and ForestMeteorology,2008,48:490503.
[642]Li Y Q,Xu M,Zou X M,etal.,Comparing soil organic carbon dynamics in plantation and secondary forestin wettropics in Puerto Rico[J].Global ChangeBiology,2005,11:239248.
[643]Lichter J,Billings S A,Ziegler S E,etal.,Soil carbon sequestration in a pineforestafter 9 years of atmospheric CO2 enrichment[J].Global ChangeBiology,2008,14:29102922.
[644]Liang B C,MackenzieA F,Schnitzer M,etal.,Managementinduced changein labilesoil organic matter under continuous corn in eastern Canadian soils.Biology and Fertility of Soils,1998,26:8894.
[645]Liebig M A,Doran J W,Gardner J C.Evaluation of a field testkitfor measuring selected soil quality indicators[J].Agroforestry Journal,1996,88:683686.
[646]Lindenmayer D B,Franklin J F,Fischer J.General managementprinciples and a checklistof strategies to guideforestbiodiversity conservation.Biological Conservation,2006,131:433445.
[647]Lindenmayer D B.Landscapechangeand thescienceof biodiversity conservation in tropical forests:A view from thetemperateworld[J].Biological Conservation,2010,143:24052411.
[648]Linn D M,Doran J.W.Effectof waterfilled porespaceon carbon dioxideand nitrous oxideproduction in tilled and in tilled soils.Soil ScienceSociety of American Journal,1984,48:12671272.
[649]Liu X M,Li Q,Liang W J,etal.,Distribution of Soil EnzymeActivities and Microbial Biomass Along a Latitudinal Gradientin Farmlands of Songliao Plain,NortheastChina[J].Pedosphere,2008,18:431440.
[650]Liu X Z,Wan S Q,Su B,etal.,Responseof soil CO2 efflux to water manipulation in a tallgrass prairieecosystem[J].Plantand Soil,2002,240:213223.
[651]Liu Y,Han S J,Li X F,etal.,Thecontribution of rootrespiration of Pinus koraiensis seedlings to total soil respiration under elevated CO2 concentrations[J].Journal of Forestry Research,2004,15:187191.
[652]Lufafa A,Diédhiou I,NdiayeNAS,etal.Allometric relationships and peakseason community biomass stocks of nativeshrubs in Senegal's PeanutBasin[J].Journal of Arid Environments,2009,73(3):260266.
[653]Lundholm J T,Larson D W.Relationships between spatial environmental heterogeneity and plantspecies diversity on a limestonepavement[J].Ecography,2003,26:715722.
[654]Luo Y Q,Wang S Q,Hui D F,etal.,Acclimatization of soil respiration to warming in a tall grass prairie[J].Nature,2001,413:622 625.
[655]Ma M.Species richness vs evenness:independentrelationship and differentresponses to edaphic factors[J].Oikos,2005,111:192 198.
[656]Ma S Y,Concilio A,Oakley B,etal.,Spatial variability in microclimatein a mixedconifer forestbeforeand after thinning and burning treatments[J].ForestEcology and Management259,2010:904915.
[657]Maassen S,FritzeH,Wirth S.Responseof soil microbial biomass,activities,and community structureata pinestand in northeaster Germany 5 years after thinning[J].Canadian Journal of ForestResearch,2006,36:14271434.
[658]Macdonald C A,Thomas N,Robinson L,etal.Physiological,biochemical and molecular responses of thesoil microbial community after afforestation of pastures with Pinus radiata[J].Soil Biology and Biochemistry,2009,41:16421651.
[659]Mackensen J,Bauhus J.Density loss and respiration rates in coarsewoody debris of Pinus radiata,Eucalyptus regnans and Eucalyptus maculata[J].Soil Biology and Biochemistry,2003,35:177186.
[660]Magurran,A.E.,Measuring Biological Diversity.Black well Publishing,Oxford,2004.
[661]Mäkinen H,Isomäki A.Thinning intensity and longterm changes in incrementand stem form of Scots pinetrees[J].ForestEcology and Management,2004,203:2134.
[662]Maier C A,Clinton B D.Relationship between stem CO2 efflux,stem sap velocity and xylem CO2 concentration in young loblolly pinetrees.Plant,Cell and Environment,2006,29:14711483.
[663]Marchi E,Picchio R,Spinelli R.,etal.Environmental impactassessmentof differentlogging methods in pineforests thinning[J].Ecological Engineering,2014,70:429436.
[664]Mariko S,Nishimura N,Mo W H,etal.,Winter CO2 flux from soil and snow surfaces in a cool temperatedeciduous forest,Japan[J].Ecology Research,2000,15:363372.
[665]Markus W,NadineM.Fungal effects on seed bank persistenceand potential applications in weed biocontrol:A review[J].Basic and Applied Ecology,2008,9:191203.
[666]Marra J L,Edmonds R L.Coarsewoody debris and soil respiration in a clear cuton theOlympic Peninsula,Washington,USA.Canadian Journal of ForestResearch,1996,26:13371345.
[667]Marshall J D,Perry D A.Basal and maintenancerespiration of nonmycorrhizal rootsystem of conifers[J].Cananda.Journal of ForestResearch,1987,17:872877.
[668]Martin Z,Rein K,Kersti P,etal.,Soil seed bank and vegetation in mixed coniferous foreststands with differentdisturbanceregimes[J].ForestEcology and Management,2007,250:7176.
[669]MastM A,Wickland K P,Striegl R T,etal.,Winter fluxes of CO2 and CH4 from subalpinesoils in Rocky Mountain National Park,Colorado[J].Global Biogeochemistry Cycles,1998,12:607620.
[670]Matsushima M.,Chang S.X.Effects of understory removal,N fertilization,and litter layer removal on soil N cycling in a 13 year old whitespruceplantation infested with Canada bluejointgrass[J].Plantand Soil,2007,292:243258.
[671]Matzek V,Vitousek P M.N:P stoichiometry and protein:RNA ratios in vascular plants:an evaluation of thegrowthratehypothesis[J].Ecology Letters,2009,12:765771.
[672]Mayyssck R E,Schulzc D.Carbon uptakeand respiration in aboveground parts of a Larix deciduas tree[J].Tree,1988:223241.
[673]McGroddy M E,DaufresneT,Hedin L O.Scaling of C:N:P stoichiometry in forests Worldwide:implications of terrestrial Redifeldtyperatios[J].Ecology,2004,85:23902401.
[674]Mc Millen G G,McClendon J H.Dependenceof photosynthetic rates on leaf density thickness in deciduous woody plants growth in Sun and Shade[J].Plantphysiology,1983,72:674678.
[675]McDowell N.G,Marshall J D,Hooker T D,etal.,Estimating CO2 flux from snowpacks atthreesites in theRocky Mountains[J].TreePhysiology,2000,20:745753.
[676]Mi N,Wang S Q,Liu J Y,etal.,Soil inorganic carbon storagepattern in China[J].Global ChangeBiology,2008,14:23802387.
[677]MichelleS,Peter M K.Theinfluenceof soil moistureon losses of buried seeds to fungi[J].Acta Oecologica,2003,24:255263.
[678]Micksa P,Aber J D,BooneR D,etal.,Shortterm soil respiration and nitrogen immobilization responseto nitrogen applications in control and nitrogenenriched temperateforests[J].ForestEcology and Management,2004,196:5770.
[679]MilneE,AdamatR.A,Batjes N,etal.,National and subnational assessments of soil organic carbon stocks and changes:TheGEFSOC modelling system[J].Agriculture,Ecosystems and Environment,2007,122:312.
[680]Mo W H,LeeM S,Uchida M,etal.,Seasonal and annual variations in soil respiration in a cooltemperatedeciduous broadleaved forestin Japan.Agricultural and ForestMeteorology,2005,134:8194.
[681]Monson R K,Lipson D L,Burns S P.Winter forestsoil respiration and controlled by climateand microbial community composition[J].Nature,2006,439:711714.
[682]MooreDJP,GonzalezMeler M A,Taneva L,etal.,Theeffectof carbon dioxideenrichmenton apparentstem respiration from Pinus taeda L.is confounded by high levels of soil carbon dioxide[J].Oecologia,2008,158:110.
[683]MorehouseK,Johns T,KayeJ,etal.,Carbon and nitrogen cycling immediately following bark beetleoutbreaks in southwestern ponderosa pineforests[J].ForestEcology and Management,2008,255:26982708.
[684]Moseley K R,Castleberry S B,Ford W F.Coarsewoody debris and pinelitter manipulation effects on movementand microhabitatuseof Ambystoma talpoideum in a Pinus taeda stand[J].ForestEcology and Management,2004,191:387 396.
[685]Motta R,Berretti R,Lingua E,etal.,Coarsewoody deb ris,foreststructureand regeneration in theValb on a ForestReserve,Paneveggio,Italian Alps[J].ForestEcology and Management,2006,235:155 163.
[686]Muukkonen P,Raisa MäkipääR.Empirical biomass models of understorey vegetation in boreal forests according to stand and siteattributes[J].Boreal EnvironmentResearch,2006,11:355369.
[687]Myeong S,Nowak D J,Duggin M J.A temporal analysis of urban forestcarbon storageusing remotesensing[J].Remotesensing of Environment,2006,101:277282.
[688]Nabuurs G J,Schehaas M J,MohrenGMJ,etal.Temporal evolution of theEuropean forestsector carbon sink from 1950 to 1999[J].Global ChangeBiology,2003,9:152160.
[689]Nakadai T,Koizumi H,Usami Y,etal.Examination of themethod for measuring soil respiration in cultivated land effectof carbondioxideconcentration on soil respiration[J].Ecological Research,1993,8:65 71.
[690]Nakano T,Nemoto M,Shinoda M.Environmental controls on photosynthetic production and ecosystem respiration in semiarid grasslands of Mongolia[J].Agricultural and ForestMeteorology,2008,148:14561466.
[691]Nabuurs G J,Putten B V,Knippers T S,etal.,Comparison of uncertainties in carbon sequestration estimates for a tropical and a temperateforest[J].ForestEcology and Management,2008,256:237245.
[692]Nally R M,Parkinson A,Horrocks G,etal.,Relationships between terrestrial vertebratediversity,abundanceand availability of coarsewoody debris on southeastern Australian flood plains[J].Biological Conservation,2001,99:191205.
[693]NeilJW&Pepper I L.Soil respiration as an index of soil aerateon[J].Soil Science,1990,54:428432.
[694]NemergutD R,Costello E K,Meyer A F,etal.,Structureand function of alpineand arctic soil microbial communities[J].Research in Microbiology,2005,156:775784.
[695]Nogueira E M,FearnsideP M,Nelson B W,etal.,Estimates of forestbiomass in theBrazilian Amazon:New allometric equations and adjustments to biomass from woodvolumeinventories[J].ForestEcology and Management,2008,256:18531867.
[696]Ohashia M,Gyokusen K.Temporal changein spatial variability of soil respiration on a slopeof Japanesecedar(Cryptomeria japonica D.Don)forest[J].Soil Biology & Biochemistry,2007,39:11301138.
[697]Ordóez J.A.B.,Jong B.H.J.,GarcíaOliva F.,etal.,Carbon contentin vegetation,litter,and soil under 10 differentlanduseand landcover classes in theCentral Highlands of Michoacan,Mexico[J].ForestEcology and Management,2008,255:20742084.
[698]Pausas J G,Casals P,Romall Y J.Litter decomposition and faunal activity in Mediterranean forestsoils:effects of N contentand themoss layer[J].Soil Biology and Biochemistry,2004,26:989997.
[699]Pedersen J W,Hansen J N.A comparision of litterfall and elementfluxes in even aged Norway spruce,Sitka spruceand beech stands in Denmark[J].ForestEcology and Management,1999,114:5570.
[700]Peltoniemi M,MäkipäR,Liski J,etal.,Changes in soil carbon with stand agean evaluation of a modelling method with empirical data[J].Global ChangeBiology,2004,10:20782091.
[701]Pereira J M,Sequeira N M,Carreiras J M.Structural properties and dimensional relations of someMediterranean shrub fuels.International Journal of Wildland Fire,1995,5(1):3542.
[702]Persson T,Lundkvisr H,Wiren A,etal.,Effects of acidification and nitrogen mineralization and soil organism in mor humus[J].Water,Air Soil Pollution,1989,45:7796.
[703]PetroneR M,Chahil P,MacraeM L,etal.,Spatial variability of CO2 exchangefor riparian and open grasslands within a firstorder agricultural basin in Southern Ontario[J].Agriculture,Ecosystems and Environment,2008,125:137147.
[704]Pielou E C.Ecological Diversity.Wiley,New York,1975.
[705]Pignataro A,Moscatelli M C,Mocali S,etal.,Assessmentof soil microbial functional diversity in a coppiced forestsystem[J].Applied Soil Ecology,2012,62:115123.
[706]Plaster E.Soil scienceand Management[M].Delmar Publishers,Inc,1992.
[707]PostW.M,Emanel W R,ZinkeP J,etal.,Soil pool and world lifezones[J].Nature,1982,298:156159.
[708]PostW.M.,King A M,Wullschleger S D.Soil organic matter model and global estimates of soil organic carbon[100].Powlson D.S,McGill W B,Jensen L S,etal.,Evaluation of Soil Organic Matter Models.Berlin,Heidelberg:Springer Verlag,1996:201224.
[709]Pregitzer K S,Euskirchen E S.Carbon cycling and storagein world forests:biomepatterns related to forestage[J].Global ChangeBiology,2004,10:20522077.
[710]PykäläJ.Immediateincreasein plantspecies richness after clear cutting of boreal herbrich forests[J].Applied Vegetation Science,2004,7:2934.
[711]Pypker T G,Fredeen A L.Ecosystem CO2 flux over two growing seasons for a subBoreal clearcut5 and 6 years after harvest[J].Agricultural and ForestMeteorology,2002,114:1530.
[712]Qiu S,Bell R W,Hobbs R J,etal.,Estimating nutrientbudgets for prescribed thinning in a regrowth eucalyptus forestin southwestAustralia[J].Forestry,2012,85:5161.
[713]Qi Y,Xu M.Separating theeffects of moistureand temperatureon soil CO2 efflux in a coniferous forestin theSierra Nevada forest[J].Plantand Soil,2001,237:1523.
[714]Raich J W,Schlesinger W H.Theglolbal carbon dioxideflux in soil respiration and its relationship to vegetation and climate[J].TellusB,1992,44:8199.
[715]Raich J W,Potter C S.Global patterns of carbon dioxideemissions from soils[J].Global Biogeochemical Cycles,1995,9:2336.
[716]Raich J W,Tufekcioglu A.Vegetation and soil respiration:correlations and controls[J].Biogeochemistry,2000,48:7190.
[717]Rakonczay Z,Seiler J.R,Kelting D L.Carbon efflux rates of finerootof threetreespecies declineshortly after excision[J].Experimental Botany,1997a,38:243249.
[718]Rakonczay Z,Seiler J R,Samuelson L J.A method for thein situ measurementof finerootgas exchangeof foresttrees[J].Experimental Botany,1997b,37:107113.
[719]Ratnam J,Sankaran M,Hanan N P,etal.,Nutrientresorption pattern of plantfunctional groups in a tropical savanna:variation and functional significance[J].Oecologia,2008,157:141151.
[720]RaymentM B,Jarvis P G.Temporal and spatial variation of soil CO2 efflux in a Canadian boreal forest[J].Soil Biology and Biochemistry,2000,32:3545.
[721]Reader R J,Bricker B D.Valueof selectively cutdeciduous forestfor understory herb conservation:an experimental assessment[J].ForestEcology and Management,1992,51:317327.
[722]Reich P B,Oleksyn J.Global patterns of plantleaf N and Pin relation to temperatureand latitude[J].Proceedings of theNational Academy of Sciences of theUnited States of America,2004,101:1100111006.
[723]Reitalu T,Sykes M T,Johansson L J,etal.Smallscaleplantspecies richness and evenness in seminatural grasslands respond differently to habitatfragmentation[J].Biological Conservation,2009,142:899908.
[724]Reth S,Reichstein M,FalgeE.Theeffectof soil water content,soil temperature,soil pHvalueand therootmass on soil CO2 effluxA modified model.[J]Plantand Soil,2005,268:2133.
[725]Richardson S J,Allen R B,Doherty J E.Shifts in leaf N:P ratio during resorption reflectsoil P in temperaterainforest[J].Functional Ecology,2008,22:738745.
[726]Risk D,Kellman L,Beltrami H.Carbon dioxidein soil profiles:Production and temperaturedependence[J].Geophysical Research Letters,2002,29:1114.
[727]RobertESand Keity van C.Relationships between CO2 evolution from soil,substratetemperature,and substratemoisturein four matureforesttypes in interior Alaska[J].Canada Journal of ForestResearch,1985,15:2328.
[728]Roberts M R,Zhu L.Early responses of theherbaceous layer to harvesting in a mixedconiferousdeciduous forestin New Brunswick,Canada[J].ForestEcology and Management,2002,155:1731.
[729]Roberts P,Bol R,Jones D L.Freeamino sugar reactions in soil in relation to soil carbon and nitrogen cycling[J].Soil Biology&Biochemistry,2007,39:30813092.
[730]Rodeghiero M,Cescatti A.Main determinants of forestsoil respiration along an elevation/temperaturegradientin theItalian Alps[J].Global ChangeBiology,2005,11:10241041.
[731]Rodin L E,Bazilevich N I.Production and ineral cycling in terrestrial vegetation.London Oliver and Boyd Edinburgh Ryan M G,LavigneM G,Gower S T.1997.Annual carbon costof autotrophic respiration in boreal forestecosystems in relation to species and climate[J].Geophysical Research,1967,102:871873.
[732]Ryu S R,Concili OA,Chen J,etal.,Prescribed burning an d mechanical thinning effects on below ground conditions and soil respiration in a mixedconifer forest,California[J].ForestEcology and Management,2009,257:13241332.
[733]SabyNPA,Arrouays D,Antoni V,etal.,Changes in soil organic carbon in a mountainous French region,1990 2004[J].Soil Useand Management,2008,24:254262.
[734]Salazar S,Sánchez L E,Alvarez J,etal.,Correlation among soil enzymeactivities under differentforestsystem managementpractices[J].Ecological Engineering,2011,37:11231131.
[735]Sariyildiz T,Anderson J M.Interactions between litter quality,decomposition and soil fertility:a laboratory study[J].Soil Biology and Biochemistry,2003,35:391399.
[736]Saunders M,Tobin B,Black K,etal.,Thinning effects on thenetecosystem carbon exchangeof a Sitka spruceforestaretemperaturedependent[J].Agricultural and ForestMeteorology,2012,157:110.
[737]Scheller R M,Mladenoff D J.Understory species patterns and diver sity in oldgrowth and managed northern hardwood forests[J].Ecological Applications,2002,12:13291343.
[738]Santiago L S.Useof coarsewoody debris by theplantcommunity of a Hawaiian montanecloud forest[J].Biotropica,2000,32:633641.
[739]Sartori F,Lal R,Ebinger M H,etal.Changes in soil carbon and nutrientpools along a chronosequenceof poplar plantations in theColumbia Plateau,Oregon,USA[J].Agriculture,Ecosystems and Environment,2007,122:325339.
[740]Sasaia T,Okamoto K,Hiyama T,etal.,Comparing terrestrial carbon fluxes from thescaleof a flux tower to theglobal scale[J].Ecological Modelling,2007,208:135144.
[741]Sayer E J.Using experimental manipulation to assess theroles of leaf litter in thefunctioning of forestecosystems[J].Biology Review,2006,81:131.
[742]Schindlbacher A,ZechmeisterBoltenstern S,Glatzel G,etal.,Winter soil respiration from an Austrian mountain forest[J].Agricultural and ForestMeteorology,2007,146:205215.
[743]Schmid S,Thürig E,Kaufmann E,etal.,Effectof forestmanagementon futurecarbon pools and fluxes:A model comparison[J].ForestEcology and Management,2006,237:6582.
[744]Sedjo R A.Thecarbon cycleand global forestecosystem[J].Water,Air,and Soil Pollution,1993,70:295307.
[745]Sicardi M,GarcaPréchac F,Frioni L.Soil microbial indicators sensitiveto land useconversion from pastures to commercial Eucalyptus grandis(Hill ex Maiden)plantations in Uruguay[J].Applied Soil Ecology,2004,27:125133.
[746]Simposon R L.Ecology of Soil Seed Bank[M].San Diego:Academic Press,1989.
[747]Sims P L,Bradford J A.Carbon dioxidefluxes in a southern plains prairie[J].Agricultural and ForestMeteorology,2001,109:117134.
[748]Singh J S,Gupta W H.Plantdecomposition and soil respiration in terrestrial ecosystems[J].Botany Review,1997,43:449529.
[749]Sollins P.Inputand decay of coarsewoody debris in coniferous stands in western Oregon and Washington[J].Canadian Journal of ForestResearch,1982,12:1828.
[750]Smolander A,Kitunen V.Soil microbial activities and characteristics of dissolved organic C and N in relation to treespecies[J].Soil Biology and Biochemistry,2002,34:651660.
[751]Spetich M,Shifley S,Parker G.Regional distribution and dynamics of coarsewoody debris in midwestern oldgrowth forests[J].ForestScience,1999,45:302313.
[752]Spies T,Franklin J,Thomas T.Coarsewoody debris in Douglasfir forests of western Oregon and Washington[J].Ecology,1988,69:16891702.
[753]Spring D A,KennedyJOS,Mac Nally R.Optimal managementof a forested catchmentproviding timber and carbon sequestration benefits:Climatechangeeffects[100].Global Environmental ChangePartA,2005,15:281292.
[754]Steinbeiss S,Beβler H,Engels C,etal.,Plantdiversity positively affects shortterm soil carbon storagein experimental grasslands[J].Global ChangeBiology,2008,14:29372949.
[755]Sterner R W,Elser J J.Ecological Stoichiometry:theBiology of Elements from Molecules to theBiosphere[M].Princeton:Princeton University Press,2002.
[756]Stevens A,Wesemael B V.Soil organic carbon stock in theBelgian Ardennes as affected by afforestation and deforestation from 1868 to 2005[J].ForestEcology and Management,2008,256:15271539.
[757]Striegl R G,Wickland K P.Effects of clearcutharveston soil respiration in a jack pinelichen woodland[J].Canada Journal of ForestResearch,1998,28:534539.
[758]Stoyan H,DePolli H,Bhm S,etal.,Spatial heterogeneity of soil respiration and related properties attheplantscale[J].Plantand Soil,2000,222:203214.
[759]SturtevantB,BissonetteJ,Long J,etal.,Coarsewoody debris as a function of age,stand structure,and disturbancein boreal Newfoundland[J].Ecological Applications,1997,7:702712.
[760]SubkeA J,Reichstein M,Tenhunen J D.Explaining temporal variation in soil CO2 efflux in a maturespruceforestin Southern Germany[J].Soil Biology and Biochemistry,2003,35:14671483.
[761]Sullivan B W,Kolb T E,HartS C,etal.,Thinning reduces soil carbon dioxidebutnotmethaneflux from southwestern USA ponderosa pineforests[J].ForestEcology and Management,2008,255:40474055.
[762]Swinnen J.Evaluation of theuseof a model rhizodeposition techniqueto separaterootand microbial respiration in soil[J].Plantand Soil,1994,165:89101.
[763]Taneva L,Pippen J S,Schlesinger W H,etal.,Theturnover of carbon pools contributing to soil CO2 and soil respiration in a temperateforestexposed to elevated CO2 concentration[J].Global ChangeBiology,2006,12:983994.
[764]Tang J,Qi Y,Xu M,etal.,Forestthinning and soil respiration in a ponderosa pineplantation in theSierra Nevada[J].TreePhysiology,2005,25:5766.
[765]Tang J W,Baldocchi D D.Spatialtemporal variation in soil respiration in an oakgrass savanna ecosystem in California and its partitioning into autotrophic and heterotrophic components[J].Biogeochemistry,2005,73:183207.
[766]Tang J W,Qi Y,Xu M,etal.,Forestthinning and soil respiration in a ponderosa pineplantation in theSierra Nevada[J].TreePhysiology,2005,25:5766.
[767]Tang QY.DPS Data Processing SystemExperimental Design,Statistical Analysis and Data Mining,second ed[M].SciencePress,Beijing,2010.
[768]Tang QY,Zhang C X.Data processing system(DPS)softwarewith experimental design,statistical analysis and data mining developed for usein entomological research[J].InsectScience,2013,20(2):254260.
[769]Tans P P,Fung I Y,Takahashi T.Observational constraints on theglobal atmospheric CO2 budget[J].Science,1990,247:14311438.
[770]Tarnocai C.TheEffectof ClimateWarming on theCarbon Balanceof Cryosols in Canada[J].PermafrostPeriglac Process,1999,10:251263.
[771]TateR L,Rogers B F.Temporal analysis of thesoil microbial community along a toposequencein Pineland soils[J].Soil Biology&Biochemistry,2001,33:13891401.
[772]Thibodeau L,Raymond P,CamiréC,etal.,Impactof precommercial thinning in balsam fir stands on soil nitrogen dynamics,microbial biomass,decomposition,and foliar nutrition[J].Canadian Journal of ForestResearch,2000,30:229238.
[773]Thierron v and Laudelou H.Contribution of rootrespiration to total CO2 efflux from thesoil of a deciduous forest[J].Canada Journal of ForestResearch,1996,26:11421148.
[774]Thoms C,Gattinger A,Jacob M,etal.,Directand indirecteffects of treediversity drivesoil microbial diversity in temperatedeciduous forest[J].Soil Biology& Biochemistry,2010,42:15581565.
[775]Torn M S,TrunboreS E,Chadwick OA,etal.,Mineral control of soil organic carbon storageand turn over[J].Nature,1997,389:170173.
[776]Townsend A R,Cleveland C C,Asner G P,etal.,Controls over foliar N:P ratios in tropical rain forests[J].Ecology,2007,88:107118.
[777]Trevor L M,Neal J E,Tina L B,etal.,Deforestation strongly affects soil seed banks in eucalyptforests:Generalisations in functional traits and implications for restoration[J].ForestEcology and Management,2012,266:94107.
[778]TrumboreS.Carbon respired by terrestrial ecosystemsrecentprogress and challenges[J].Global ChangeBiology,2006,12:141153.
[779]Tuomi M,Thum T,Järvinen H,etal.Leaf litter decompositionEstimates of global variability based on Yasso07 model[J].Ecological Modelling,2009,220:33623371.
[780]Turner D P,Kopper G J,Harmon M E,etal.,A carbon budgetfor forests of theconterminous United States[J].Ecological Applications,1995,5:421436.
[781]Ueyama M,Harazono Y,Kim Y,etal.,Responseof thecarbon cyclein subarctic black spruceforests to climatechange:Reduction of a carbon sink related to thesensitivity of heterotrophic respiration[J].Agricultural and ForestMeteorology,2009,149:582602.
[782]UNFCCC.Decision/CMP.1 Modalities and procedures for a clean developmentmechanism as defined in Article12 of theKyoto Protocol.In:UNFCCC Secretariat.COP11/MOP1(Advanced Unedited Version),Montreal,UNFCCC,2005.
[783]Vanhala P.Seasonal variation in thesoil respiration ratein coniferous forestsoils[J].Soil Biology& Biochemistry,2002,34:13751379.
[784]Vargas R,Allen E B,Allen M F.Effects of vegetation thinning on aboveand below ground carbon in a seasonally dry tropical forestin Mexico[J].Biotropica,2009,41:302311.
[785]Veenendaal E M,KolleO,Lloyd J.Seasonal variation in energy fluxes and carbon dioxideexchangefor a broadleaved semiarid savanna(Mopanewoodland)in Southern Africa[J].Global ChangeBiology,2004,10:318328.
[786]Verschuyl J,Riffell S,Miller D,etal.Biodiversity responseto intensivebiomass production from forestthinning in North American forestsA metaanalysis[J].ForestEcology and Management,2011,261(2):221232.
[787]VredeT,Dobberfuhl D R,KooijmanSAL M,etal.,Fundamental connections among organism C:N:P stoichiometry,macromolecular composition and growth[J].Ecology,2004,85:12171229.
[788]Vitousek P M.Nutrientlimitation to nitrogen fixation in young volcanic sites[J].Ecosystems,1999,2:505510.
[789]VoseJ M,Ryan M.G.Seasonal respiration of foliage,fineroots,and woody tissues in relation to growth,tissueN,and photosynthesis[J].Global ChangeBiology,2002,8:164175.
[790]Waddell K L.Sampling coarsewoody debris for multipleattributes in extensiveresourceinventories[J].Ecological Indicators,2002,1:139153.
[791]Wander M M,Traina S J,Stinner B R,etal.,Theeffects of organic and conventional managementon biologically activesoil organic matter fractions[J].Soil ScienceSociety America Journal,1994,58:11301139.
[792]Wang C K,BondLamberty B,Gower S T.Environmental controls on carbon dioxideflux from black sprucecoarsewoody debris[J].Oecologia,2002,132:374381.
[793]WardleD A,Walker L R,BardgettR D.Ecosystem properties and forestdeclinein contrasting long~term chronosequences[J].Science,2004,305:509513.
[794]Wassen M J,Old VenterinkHGM,deSwartEOA M.Nutrientconcentrations in mirevegetation as a measureof nutrientlimitation in mireecosystems.Journal of Vegetation Science,1995,6:516.
[795]Watts C H,VojvodicVukovic M,Arnold G C,etal.,A comparison of restoration techniques to acceleraterecovery of litter decomposition and microbial activity in an experimental peatbog restoration trial[J].Wetlands Ecology Management,2008,16:199217.
[796]Weedon J T,Cornwell W K,CornelissenJHC,etal.,Global metaanalysis of wood decomposition rates,a rolefor traitvariation among treespecies[J].Ecology Letters,2009,12:4556.
[797]WeiskittleA R.,Kenefic L S,Li R.etal.,Stand structureand composition 32 years after precommercial thinning treatments in a mixed northern conifer stand in central Maine[J].Northern Journal of Applied Forestry,2011,28:9296.
[798]Widen B,Majdi H.Soil CO2 efflux and rootrespiration atthreesites in a mixed pineand spruceforest:seasonal and diurnal variation[J].Canada Journal of ForestResearch,2001,26:11421148.
[799]Widen B.Seasonal variation in forestfloor CO2 exchangein a Swedish coniferous forest[J].Agricultural and ForestMeteorology,2002,111:283297.
[800]Wienk C L,Sieg C H,McPherson G R.Evaluating theroleof cutting treatments,fireand soil seed banks in an experimental framework in ponderosa pineforests of theBlack Hills,South Dakota[J].ForestEcology and Management,2004,192:375-393.
[801]Williams M.,Ryan C.M.,Rees R.M.,etal.Carbon sequestration and biodiversity of regrowing miombo woodlands in Mozambique[J].ForestEcology and Management,2008,254:145155.
[802]Wilsey B,Stirling G.Species richness and evenness respond in a differentmanner to propaguledensity in developing prairiemicrocosm communities[J].PlantEcology,2007,190:259273.
[803]Wilson D S,Anderson P D,Puettmann K J.Evaluating theconsistency of understory vegetation responseto forestthinning through synthetic analysis of operationalscaleexperiments[J].Forestry,2009,82(5):583596.
[804]Wittmann C,Pfanz H,Loreto F,etal.,Stem CO2 releaseunder illumination:corticular photosynthesis,photorespiration or inhibition of mitochondrial respiration?[J].Plant,Cell and Environment,2006,29:11491158.
[805]WhiteP S,MackenzieM D,Busing R T.Natural disturbanceand gap phasedynamics in southern Appalachian sprucefir forests[J].Canadian Journal of ForestResearch,1985,15(2):233240.
[806]Wood T E,LawrenceD,Clark D A.Variation in leaf litter nutrients of a Costa Rican rain forestis related to precipitation[J].Biogeochemistry,2005,73:417437.
[807]Woodall C W,Liknes G C.Climatic regions as an indicator of forestcoarseand finewoody debris carbon stocks in theUnited States.Carbon Balanceand Management,2008,3:512.
[808]Woodbury P B,Smith J E,Heath L S.Carbon sequestration in theU.S.forestsector from 1990 to 2010[J].ForestEcology and Management,2007,241:1427.
[809]Wood well G M,Whittaker R H,Reiners W A,etal.,Thebiota and theworld carbon budget[J].Science,1978,199:141146.
[810]Wu T G,Yu M K,Wang G G,etal.,Leaf nitrogen and phosphorus stoichiometry across fortytwo woody species in SoutheastChina[J].Biochemical Systematics and Ecology,2012,44:255263.
[811]XieZ B,Zhu J G,Liu G,etal.,Soil organic carbon stocks in China and changes from 1980s to 2000s[J].Global ChangeBiology,2007,13:19892007.
[812]Xu,M.,Qi,Y.Spatial and seasonal variation of Q10 determined by soil respiration measurements ata Sierra Navadan forest[J].Global Biogeochemical Cycles,2001,15:687696.
[813]Xu J T,Yin R.S,Li Z,etal.,China's ecological rehabilitation:Unprecedented efforts,dramatic impacts,and requisitepolicies[J].Ecological Economics,2006,57:595607.
[814]Yakovchenko V,Sikora L J,Kaufman D D.A biological based indicator of soil quality[J].Biology and Fertility of Soils,1996,21:245251.
[815]Yang A R,Son Y,Noh N J,etal.,Effectof thinning on carbon storagein soil,forestfloor and coarsewoody debris of Pinus desiflora stands with differentstand ages in Gangwondo,central Korea[J].ForestScienceand Technology,2012,7:3037.
[816]Yeh E T.Greening western China:a critical view[J].Geoforum,2009,40:884894.
[817]Yim M H,Joo SJ,Shutou K,etal.,Spatial variability of soil respiration in a larch plantation:estimation of thenumber of sampling points required[J].ForestEcology and Management,2003,175:585588.
[818]Yim M H,Joo S J,NakaneK.Comparison of field methods for measuring soil respiration:a static alkali absorption method and two dynamic closed chamber methods[J].ForestEcology and Management,2002,170:189197.
[819]Yoshioka T,Aruga K,Hiroshi KobayashiTNH,etal.,Energy and carbon dioxide(CO2)balanceof logging residues as alternativeenergy resources:system analysis based on themethod of a lifecycleinventory(LCI)analysis[J].JapaneseForestResearch,2005,10:125134.
[820]Yu D Y,Shi P J,Han G Y,etal.,Forestecosystem restoration dueto a national conservation plan in China[J].Ecological Engineering,2011,37:13871397.
[821]Yuan B C,YueD X.Soil Microbial and Enzymatic activities across a chronosequenceof chinesepineplantation developmenton theloess plateau of China[J].Pedosphere,2012,22:112.
[822]YusteJC,Janssens I A,Carrara A,etal.,Interactiveeffects of temperatureand precipitation on soil respiration in a temperatemaritimepineforest[J].TreePhysiology,2003,23:12631270.
[823]Zachara T.Theinfluenceof selectivethinning on thesocial structureof theyoung(ageclass II)Scots pinestand[J].PraceInstytutu Badawczego Lesnictwa,2000,3:3561.
[824]ZaehleS,Bondeau A,Carter T R,etal.,Projected changes in terrestrial carbon storagein Europeunder climateand landusechange,2007,19902100[J].Ecosystems,10:380401.
[825]Zamolodchikov D,Karelin D V.An empirical model of carbon fluxes in Russian tundra[J].Global ChangeBiology,2001,7:147161.
[826]Zeng H Q,Liu QJ,Feng Z W,etal.Biomass equations for four shrub species in subtropical China[J].Journal of ForestResearch,2010,15:8390.
[827]Zhang G L.Changes of soil labileorganic carbon in differentland uses in Sanjiang Plain,Heilongjiang Province.ChineseGeographical Science,2010,20:139143.
[828]Zhang Y,ChenHYH,Reich P B.Forestproductivity increases with evenness,species richness and traitvariation:a global metaanalysis[J].Journal of Ecology,1012,100:742749.
[829]Zhong Z K,Makeschin F.Differences of soil microbial biomass and nitrogen transformation under two foresttypes in central Germany[J].Plantand Soil,2006,283:287297.
[830]Zogg G P,Zak D R,Burton A J,etal.,Finerootrespiration in northern hardwood forests in relation to temperatureand nitrogen availability[J].TreePhysiology,1996,16:719725.